Introduction to become an Alim Essay

* The first thing is to act upon what has been thought, the person who seek companionship and does not act upon it will become mislead. * Always venerate everyone and neer do something that which will lower your dignity because now you are representing Islam it not so hold your own respect it is so you hold the respect of Islam. * Never act proud that you an educated a person verily Allah dislike the people who are proud and arrogant. * Be humble and patrician with classmates, even if he/she treats you un neverthelessly to you. * When you occupyed a question by a person who is hard of learning and he/she ask for explanation all over and over again wear upont become angry and just true your best to understand the question. * IF you are asked a question and you dont work up out then say I DONT KNOW and dont make the answer up. * Always check on the topic when asked a question.* If someone correct you and you are victimize and admit that he is right. Never deny HAQ (truth) an d always accepts the truth.The Ethics of the instructor* Always rush to giving Salam the instructor.* Talk minimum in previous of your teacher.* When the teacher enter the room stand up in the wonder and respect.* Dont say that someone talked against you.* Dont ask a question to anyone around the teacher because if they dont know the answer they will feel embarrassed.* Dont go against the teachers opinion.* Dont laugh in front of the teacher* Only ask them question when they are at home, not in public * One should stop the teacher from teaching when they are tiered.* To be humbled in front the teacher.* Listen to the lecture with full attention.* to begin with perusal seek permission then read Istiadah and Bismillah, then make a dua once finished lessonIntention of an Alim-e-DeenWhen a student of deen is studying his intention should be to please Allah and to help towards Nabi mission and also to represent other members of Islam to learn.

Mary Barton Essay

Elizabeth Gaskells Mary Barton is a novel of companionable reform that explores immorality, abuse and inequality. The novel is especi every last(predicate)y touch on with the societal condition of England at the time. In her Preface Mrs. Gaskell asserted, I exist nothing of Political Economy, or the theories of the trade. I have tried to write truthfully. The truth of Mary Barton is not political or economic but the truth of the kind heart. The novel is not about industrial conditions but about people living in those conditions. Mrs. Gaskells social aim in writing is to inform rather than to reform.Her aim in writing is to give utterance to the agony and to explicate the consequences of the seeming injustice of the inequalities of fortune. In Mary Barton, the protagonist privy Barton asks with bitter enthusiasm about the injustice of the massive gulf between the upper and set about classes Why are they so speciate, so distinct, when God has made them all? We are their sl aves as long as we can work we chock up up fortunes with the sweat of our brows and yet we are to live as separate as Dives and Lazarus, with a great gulf betwixt us. whoremonger Barton is ultimately driven to the act of murder by his outrage at the gulf fixed between the rich and the poor. John Barton is ultimately a victim of society and an example of how a man full of human kindness is hardened into hatred and violence. As the author tells the reader his wifes death meant that one of the ties which bound him down to the gentle liberal arts of earth was loosened. The string of events that followed the strike, the Davenports starvation and fever, the employees arrogant isolation and the misfortune of the petition, seem to purposely show that the world reckons the poor folk no account.And as John Barton lies on his deathbed his enemy Mr. Carson sits in his library quite unable to hate his sons murderer. At the end Mr. Carson forgives John Barton and the murderer dies in the arm s of the man whose son he has kill and this image explicates the novels pivotal theme in the bank of human heartedness. In her novel Mrs. Gaskell presents men and women at the extreme of poor at which point only the most radical of human actions tarry be they despair and hatred or alternatively human grace and forgiveness.

Abuse in the Novel Beloved Essay

Many of the characters from the novel Beloved suffered extreme abuse. Sethe, an independent mother, was no exception to the abuse. Sethe survived through many different accounts of mistreatment. The school teachers nephews do Sethe suffer the cruelest oppression. They held her down against her will, while she was pregnant, and brutally stole the milk that her personate was producing for her child. This is the smite pain for Sethe because, besides the obvious obtrusions, she feared she would not be fitted to provide for her baby after it was born.A mothers worst fear is being unable to provide for her children and this is the fear they instilled in her. This was not the end of the violence toward Sethe from theseinsert a word that means a root word of abusers here. When the school teacher founds out that Sethe tells of the mistreatment she suffered because of his nephews he orders them to whip her. Sethe is brutally get the better of by this group of young men. The result of the merciless beaten is a form of large scars that shape a tree on Sethes back.The tree may be a symbol of a family tree, and in Sethes case an incomplete family tree. Sethes family tree is incomplete because she killed her daughter, Beloved. The feeling of Sethes murdered daughter, Beloved, haunts the house where Sethe and the rest of her family live. The ghost torments them enough to drives forth Sethes two sons, Howard and Buglar. Sethe undergoes torment from almost every possible cant but she refuses to run away any more.

Patient Recording System Essay

The governing body supplies future entropy requestments of the squirt Service Emergency Cover (FSEC) project, terminate Control, fundamental research and development. Fire and Rescue Services (FRSs) will in addition be able to employment of goods and services this better quality in pulpation for their own pur put downs.The IRS will provide FRSs with a fully electronic selective info capture placement for exclusively incidents attended. in all UK fire services will be using this system by 1 April 2009.Creation of a general-purpose checkup record is wizardness of the to a greater extent(prenominal) difficult paradoxs in selective informationbase design. In the USA, most medical checkup institutions take aim a lot much electronic in songation on a endurings financial and insurance history than on the perseverings medical record. Financial info, like orthodox accounting information, is far easier to computerise and maintain, beca function the information is f airly step inable. Clinical information, by contrast, is extremely diverse. Signal and go out entropyX-Rays, ECGs, requires much storage space, and is to a greater extent challenging to act. Mainstream relational informationbase engines certain the ability to handle image data less than a tenner ago, and the mainframe-style engines that run umpteen medical database systems get to lagged technological systemally. One substantially-known system has been piss verbally in assembly language for an obsolescent class of mainframes that IBM sells only(prenominal) to hospitals that sacrifice elected to purchase this system.CPRSs atomic number 18 designed to review clinical information that has been ga thered through with(predicate) a variety of mechanisms, and to capture current information. From the perspective of review, which implies retrieval of captured data, CPRSs plenty retrieve data in 2 ship canal. They can show data on a atomic number 53 uncomplaining (specif ied through a persevering ID) or they can be manipulation to identify a lot of uncomplainings ( non known in advance) who happen to get even out specific proposition demographic, diagnostic or clinical parameters. That is, retrieval can either be long-suffering-centric or parameter-centric. Patient-centric retrieval is important for real period clinical decision support. Real time means that the response should be obtained inside seconds (or a few minutes at the most), beca expend the avai laboratoryility of current information may mean the difference between life and death. Parameter-centric retrieval, by contrast, involves touch on adult volumes of data response time is not limitedly critical, however, because the results ar apply for purposes like long-term planning or for research, as in retrospective studies.In general, on a iodine gondola, it is possible to piddle a database design that performs either enduring-centric retrieval or parameter-centric retrie val, but not twain. The challenges be partly logistic and partly architectural. From the logistic view office, in a system meant for real-time long-suffering query, a giant parameter-centric query that treat half the records in the database would not be desirable because it would steal machine cycles from critical patient-centric queries. Mevery database trading operations, both business and medical, therefore periodically reduplicate data from a transaction (patient-centric) database, which captures primary data, into a parameter-centric query database on a class machine in order to get the trounce of both worlds. nearly commercial patient record systems, such as the 3M Clinical Data Repository (CDR)1 atomic number 18 composed of two subsystems, 1 that is transaction-oriented and wizard that is query-oriented. Patient-centric query is considered more critical for day-to-day operation, especially in smaller or non-research-oriented institutions. Many vendors therefore of fer parameter-centric query facilities as an summarizeitional package separate from their base CPRS offering. We now discuss the architectural challenges, and consider why creating an institution-wide patient database poses evidentially greater hurdles than creating 1 for a single department.During a routine check-up, a clinician goes through a standard checklist in term of history, physical examination and laboratory investigations. When a patient has unrivalled or more symptoms suggesting illness, however, a whole serial of questions atomic number 18 asked, and investigations performed (by a specialist if necessary), which would not be asked/performed if the patient did not have these symptoms. These atomic number 18 based on the suspected (or app bent) diagnosis/-es. Proformas (protocols) have been devised that simplify the patients workup for a general examination as hearty as many malady categories.The clinical parameters record in a given protocol have been worked o ut by take in over years or decades, though the types of questions asked, and the order in which they atomic number 18 asked, varies with the institution (or vendor package, if data capture is electronically assisted). The level of expand is often left to individual discretion clinicians with a research take in a particular condition will record more detail for that condition than clinicians who do not. A certain minimum set of events must be gathered for a given condition, however, irrespective of individualised or institutional preferences.The objective of a protocol is to maximize the likeliness of detection and recording of all significant findings in the limited time available. One records both positive findings as swell as significant negatives (e.g., no history of alcoholism in a patient with cirrhosis). sassy protocols are continually evolving for emergent disease complexes such as AIDS. piece protocols are typically printed out (both for the benefit of possibly in experienced residents, and to form part of the permanent paper record), experienced clinicians often have them perpetrate to memory. However, the difference between an average clinician and a superb hotshot is that the last signifyed knows when to depart from the protocol if departure never occurred, new syndromes or disease complexes would never be discovered. In any case, the protocol is the starting point when we consider how to store information in a CPRS.This system, however, focuses on the physical functioninges by which data is stored and retrieved, sort of than the ancillary functions provided by the system. The obvious approach for storing clinical data is to record each type of finding in a separate pillar in a circuit card. In the simplest utilization of this, the alleged(prenominal) right away-file design, there is only a single value per parameter for a given patient encounter. Systems that capture standardised data related to a particular specialty (e.g., an obstetric examination, or a colonoscopy) often do this. This approach is simple for non-computer-experts to understand, and as well easiest to analyse by statistics designs (which typically require flat files as input). A system that incorporates problem-specific clinical guidelines is easiest to hold with flat files, as the software engineering for data management is relatively minimal.In certain cases, an entire class of related parameters is placed in a group of tugs in a separate table, with multiple sets of values. For example, laboratory information systems, which support labs that perform hundreds of kinds of tests, do not use single column for either test that is offered. Instead, for a given patient at a given instant in time, they store pairs of values lie ining of a lab test ID and the value of the result for that test. Similarly for chemists orders, the values consist of a medicine/medication ID, the preparation strength, the route, the frequency of administratio n, and so on. When one is likely to encounter repeated sets of values, one must generally use a more sophisticated approach to managing data, such as a relational database management system (RDBMS). Simple spreadsheet curriculums, by contrast, can manage flat files, though RDBMSs are also more than adapted for that purpose.The one-column-per-parameter approach, unfortunately, does not scale up when considering an institutional database that must manage data across dozens of departments, each with numerous protocols. (By contrast, the groups-of-columns approach scales well, as we shall discuss later.) The reasons for this are discussed below.One obvious problem is the sheer number of tables that must be managed. A given patient may, over time, have any confederacy of ailments that span specialities cross-departmental referrals are common even for inpatient admission episodes. In most Western European countries where national-level medical records on patients go rachis over some (prenominal) decades, using such a database to answer the question, furcate me everything that has happened to this patient in forward/reverse chronological order involves distinct hundreds of protocol-specific tables, even though most patients may not have had more than a few ailments.Some clinical parameters (e.g., serum enzymes and electrolytes) are applicable to multiple specialities, and, with the one-protocol-per-table approach, they tend to be enter redundantly in multiple tables. This violates a cardinal rule of database design a single type of event should be stored in a single place. If the same fact is stored in multiple places, cross-protocol analysis be commences needlessly difficult because all tables where that fact is recorded must be branch tracked down.The number of tables keeps g actors lineing as new protocols are devised for emergent conditions, and the table structures must be adapted if a protocol is modified in the light of medical advances. In a practi cal application, it is not enough merely to modify or add a table one must alter the substance ab exploiter interface to the tables that is, the data-entry/b dustupsing screens that present the protocol data. While about system maintenance is always necessary, endless redesign to keep pace with medical advances is irksome and undesirable.A simple alternative to creating hundreds of tables suggests itself. One might start to combine all facts applicable to a patient into a single row. Unfortunately, across all medical specialities, the number of possible types of facts runs into the hundreds of thousands. Todays database engines permit a maximum of 256 to 1024 columns per table, and one would require hundreds of tables to surrender for every possible type of fact. Further, medical data is time-stamped, i.e., the start time (and, in some cases, the end time) of patient events is important to record for the purposes of both diagnosis and management.Several facts about a patient may have a common time-stamp, e.g., serum chemistry or haematology panels, where several tests are do at a time by automated equipment, all results existence stamped with the time when the patients blood was drawn. Even if databases did allow a effectivenessly infinite number of columns, there would be sizable wastage of disk space, because the vast majority of columns would be inapplicable (null) for a single patient event. (Even null values use up a baseborn amount of space per null fact.) Some columns would be inapplicable to particular types of patientse.g., gyn/obs facts would not apply to males.The challenges to representing institutional patient data arise from the fact that clinical data is both highly heterogeneous as well as distributed. The design solution that deals with these problems is called the entity-attribute-value (EAV) model. In this design, the parameters (attribute is a synonym of parameter) are treated as data recorded in an attribute definitions table, so that addition of new types of facts does not require database restructuring by addition of columns. Instead, more rows are added to this table.The patient data table (the EAV table) records an entity (a combination of the patient ID, clinical event, and one or more betrothal/time stamps recording when the events recorded actually occurred), the attribute/parameter, and the associated value of that attribute. Each row of such a table stores a single fact about a patient at a particular instant in time. For example, a patients laboratory value may be stored as (, 12/2/96, serum_potassium, 4.1). Only positive or significant negative findings are recorded nulls are not stored. Therefore, despite the extra space taken up by repetition of the entity and attribute columns for every row, the space is taken up is actually less than with a customary design.Attribute-value pairs themselves are used in non-medical areas to manage extremely heterogeneous data, e.g., in Web cookies ( schoolb ook files written by a Web server to a users local machine when the site is macrocosm browsed), and the Microsoft Windows registries. The first major use of EAV for clinical data was in the pioneering HELP system built at LDS Hospital in Utah starting from the late 70s.6,7,8 HELP in the first place stored all data characters, numbers and dates as ASCII text in a pre-relational database (ASCII, for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is the edict used by computer hardware almost universally to represent characters. The range of 256 characters is adequate to represent the character set of most European languages, but not ideographic languages such as Mandarin Chinese.) The modern version of HELP, as well as the 3M CDR, which is a commercialisation of HELP, uses a relational engine.A team at Columbia University was the first to enhance EAV design to use relational database technology. The Columbia-Presbyterian CDR,9,10 also separated numbers from text in separate co lumns. The reinforcement of storing numeric data as numbers instead of ASCII is that one can create useful indexes on these numbers. (Indexes are a shoot a line of database technology that allow fast search for particular values in a table, e.g., laboratory parameters in spite of appearance or beyond a particular range.). When numbers are stored as ASCII text, an index on such data is useless the text 12.5 is greater than 11000, because it comes later in alphabetical order.) Some EAV databases therefore segregate data by data type. That is, there are separate EAV tables for short text, long text (e.g., discharge summaries), numbers, dates, and binary data (signal and image data). For every parameter, the system records its data type so that one knows where it is stored. turn of events/DB,11,12 a system for management of clinical trials data (which shares many features with CDRs) created at Yale University by a team led by this author, uses this approach.From the abstract viewpo int (i.e., ignoring data type issues), one may therefore cypher of a single giant EAV table for patient data, comporting one row per fact for a patient at a particular date and time. To answer the question tell me everything that has happened to patient X, one merely gathers all rows for this patient ID (this is a fast operation because the patient ID column is indexed), sorts them by the date/time column, and whence presents this information after connectedness to the Attribute definitions table. The last operation ensures that attributes are presented to the user in characterless language e.g., haemoglobin, instead of as cryptic numerical IDs.One should mention that EAV database design has been employed primarily in medical databases because of the sheer heterogeneity of patient data. One hardly ever encounters it in business databases, though these will often use a restricted form of EAV termed row modelling. Examples of row modelling are the tables of laboratory test resu lt and pharmacy orders, discussed earlier.Note also that most production EAV databases will always contain components that are designed conventionally. EAV representation is suitable only for data that is sparse and highly variable. Certain kinds of data, such as patient demographics (name, sex, birth date, address, etc.) is standardized and recorded on all patients, and therefore there is no advantage in storing it in EAV form.EAV is primarily a means of simplifying the physical system of a database, to be used when simplification is beneficial. However, the users conceptualisethe data as being segregated into protocol-specific tables and columns. Further, external programs used for graphical presentation or data analysis always expect to receive data as one column per attribute. The conceptual abstract of a database reflects the users perception of the data. Because it implicitly captures a significant part of the semantics of the domain being modelled, the conceptual schema is domain-specific.A user-friendly EAV system completely conceals its EAV nature from its end-users its interface confirms to the conceptual schema and creates the illusion of conventional data organisation. From the software perspective, this implies on-the-fly transformation of EAV data into conventional structure for presentation in forms, reports or data extracts that are passed to an analytic program. Conversely, changes to data by end-users through forms must be translated back into EAV form before they are saved.To achieve this sleight-of-hand, an EAV system records the conceptual schema through metadata dictionary tables whose contents describe the rest of the system. While metadata is important for any database, it is critical for an EAV system, which can seldom function without it. ACT/DB, for example, uses metadata such as the grouping of parameters into forms, their presentation to the user in a particular order, and validation checks on each parameter during data entry to automatically come web-based data entry. The metadata architecture and the various data entry features that are back up through automatic generation are described elsewhere.13EAV is not a panacea. The simplicity and compactness of EAV representation is offset by a potential performance penalty compared to the equivalent conventional design. For example, the simple AND, OR and non operations on conventional data must be translated into the importantly less efficient set operations of Intersection, Union and Difference respectively. For queries that process potentially oversize amounts of data across thousands of patients, the impact may be felt in terms of increased time taken to process queries.A quantitative benchmarking study performed by the Yale group with microbiology data modelled both conventionally and in EAV form indicated that parameter-centric queries on EAV data ran anywhere from 2-12 multiplication as slow as queries on equivalent conventional data.14 Patient-cen tric queries, on the new(prenominal) hand, run at the same speed or even faster with EAV schemas, if the data is highly heterogeneous. We have discussed the reason for the latter.A more practical problem with parameter-centric query is that the standard user-friendly tools (such as Microsoft inlets Visual Query-by-Example) that are used to query conventional data do not help very much for EAV data, because the physical and conceptual schemas are completely different. Complicating the issue further is that some tables in a production database are conventionally designed. Special query interfaces need to be built for such purposes. The general approach is to use metadata that knows whether a particular attribute has been stored conventionally or in EAV form a program consults this metadata, and arrives the appropriate query code in response to a users query. A query interface built with this approach for the ACT/DB system12 this is currently being ported to the Web.So far, we have discussed how EAV systems can create the illusion of conventional data organization through the use of protocol-specific forms. However, the problem of how to record information that is not in a protocole.g., a clinicians impressionshas not been addressed. One way to tackle this is to create a general-purpose form that allows the data entry person to pick attributes (by keyword search, etc.) from the thousands of attributes within the system, and then supply the values for each. (Because the user must directly add attribute-value pairs, this form reveals the EAV nature of the system.) In practice, however, this process, which would take several seconds to half a minute to locate an individual attribute, would be far too tedious for use by a clinician.Therefore, clinical patient record systems also allow the storage of free text chronicle in the loads own words. Such text, which is of arbitrary size, may be entered in various ways. In the past, the clinician had to compose a note comprising such text in its entirety. Today, however, template programs can often provide structured data entry for particular domains (such as chest X-ray interpretations). These programs will generate fib text, including boilerplate for findings that were normal, and can greatly reduce the clinicians workload. Many of these programs use speech recognition software, thereby improving throughput even further.Once the narrative has been recorded, it is desirable to encode the facts captured in the narrative in terms of the attributes defined within the system. (Among these attributes may be concepts derived from controlled vocabularies such as SNOMED, used by Pathologists, or ICD-9, used for disease classification by epidemiologists as well as for billing records.) The advantage of encoding is that subsequent analysis of the data becomes much simpler, because one can use a single code to record the multiple synonymous forms of a concept as encountered in narrative, e.g., hepatic/l iver, kidney/renal, vomiting/emesis and so on. In many medical institutions, there are non-medical personnel who are trained to scan narrative dictated by a clinician, and identify concepts from one or more controlled vocabularies by looking up keywords.This process is extremely human intensive, and there is ongoing information science research focused on automating part of the process. Currently, it appears that a computer program cannot replace the human component entirely. This is because certain terms can match more than one concept. For example, anaesthesia refers to a procedure ancillary to surgery, or to a clinical finding of loss of sensation. Disambiguation requires some degree of domain noesis as well as knowledge of the context where the phrase was encountered. The processing of narrative text is a computer-science military capability in its own right, and a preceding article15 has discussed it in depth.Medical knowledge-based reference book programs (expert systems) have always been an active area of medical informatics research, and a few of these, e.g., QMR16,17 have attained production-level status. A drawback of many of these programs is that they are designed to be stand-alone. While useful for assisting diagnosis or management, they have the drawback that information that may already be in the patients electronic record must be re-entered through a talks between the program and the clinician.In the context of a hospital, it is desirable to implement embeddedknowledge-based systems that can act on patient data as it is being recorded or generated, rather than after the fact (when it is often too late). Such a program might, for example, detect potentially dangerous drug interactions based on a particular patients prescription medicine that had just been recorded in the pharmacy component of the CPRS. Alternatively, a program might send an alert (by pager) to a clinician if a particular patients monitored clinical parameters deteriorated severely.The units of program code that operate on elect(postnominal) patient data in real-time are called medical logic modules (MLMs), because they are used to express medical decision logic. While one could theoretically use any programming language (combined with a database portal language) to express this logic, portability is an important issue if you have spent much childbed creating an MLM, you would like to share it with others. Ideally, others would not have to rewrite your MLM to run on their system, but could install and use it directly. Standardization is therefore desirable. In 1994, several CPRS researchers proposed a standard MLM language called the Arden syntax.18,19,20 Arden resembles BASIC (it is designed to be cushy to learn), but has several functions that are useful to express medical logic, such as the concepts of the earliest and the latest patient events.One must first implement an Arden interpreter or compiler for a particular CPRS, and then write Arde n modules that will be triggered after certain events. The Arden code is translated into specific database operations on the CPRS that retrieve the appropriate patient data items, and operations implementing the logic and decision based on that data. As with any programming language, interpreter implementation is not a simple task, but it has been done for the Columbia-Presbyterian and HELP CDRs two of the informaticians responsible for defining Arden, Profs. George Hripcsak and T. Allan Pryor, are also race developers for these respective systems. To assist Arden implementers, the specification of version 2 of Arden, which is now a standard supported by HL7, is available on-line.20Arden-style MLMs, which are requiremently if-then-else rules, are not the only way to implement embedded decision logic. In certain situations, there are sometimes more efficient ways of achieving the desired result. For example, to detect drug interactions in a pharmacy order, a program can generate a ll possible pairs of drugs from the list of positivist drugs in a particular pharmacy order, and perform database lookups in a table of known interactions, where information is typically stored against a pair of drugs. (The table of interactions is typically obtained from sources such as First Data Bank.) This is a much more efficient (and more maintainable) solution than sequentially evaluating a large list of rules embodied in multiple MLMs.Nonetheless, appropriately designed MLMs can be an important part of the CPRS, and Arden deserves to become more widespread in commercial CPRSs. Its currently limited support in such systems is more due to the significant implementation effort than to any flaw in the concept of MLMs.Patient management software in a hospital is typically acquired from more than one vendor many vendors specialize in niche merchandises such as picture archiving systems or laboratory information systems. The patient record is therefore often distributed across se veral components, and it is essential that these components be able to inter-operate with each other. Also, for various reasons, an institution may subscribe to switch vendors, and it is desirable that migration of existing data to another system be as painless as possible.Data exchange/migration is facilitated by standardisation of data interchange between systems created by different vendors, as well as the metadata that supports system operation. Significant progress has been made on the agent front. The standard formats used for the exchange of image data and non-image medical data are DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) and HL-7 (Health Level 7) respectively. For example, all vendors who market digital radiography, CT or MRI devices are supposed to be able to support DICOM, irrespective of what data format their programs use internally.HL-7 is a hierarchical format that is based on a language specification syntax called ASN.1 (ASN=Abstract Syntax Notation) , a standard originally created for exchange of data between libraries. HL-7s specification is quite complex, and HL-7 is intended for computers rather than humans, to whom it can be quite cryptic. There is a move to wrap HL-7 within (or replace it with) an equivalent dialect of the more human-understandable XML (eXtended Markup Language), which has rapidly gained extrusion as a data interchange standard in E-commerce and other areas. XML also has the advantage that there are a very large number of third-party XML tools available for a vendor just entering the medical field, an interchange standard based on XML would be considerably easier to implement.CPRSs pose formidable informatics challenges, all of which have not been fully solved many solutions devised by researchers are not always successful when use in production systems. An issue for further discussion is security and confidentiality of patient records. In countries such as the US where health insurers and employers can haphazardly reject individuals with particular illnesses as posing too high a risk to be profitably insured or employed, it is important that patient information should not fall in the wrong hands.Much also depends on the code of honour of the individual clinician who is authorised to look at patient data. In their book, Freedom at Midnight, authors Larry Collins and Dominic Lapierre cite the example of Mohammed Ali Jinnahs anonymous physician (supposedly Rustom Jal Vakil) who had discovered that his patient was dying of lung cancer. Had Nehru and others come to know this, they might have prolonged the partition discussions indefinitely. Because Dr. Vakil respected his patients confidentiality, however, world history was changed.

Nutrition Discussion Set 1

NUTR 2202 give-and-take SET I CHAPTERS 1-5 1. (30 points) Using Appendix H in your school textual matter Fill in the calories, carbohydrate, fat and its components (sat, poly, mono, trans), and character set for each nutrition/beverage in the table found on the last knave of this Discussion Set. Remember to boldness at the portion and ad practiced values if the portion in the table is different than that listed in Appendix H. work each column to get a total for all nutrients. gratify answer this question by filling in the chart.TIP we will withal use this days brainchild for DS2 and DS3. Highlight the entries in your text and you wont hold to find them again. 2. (35 points) Using the example for how to bode the energy from pabulum (page 10 in the text) Determine what voice of the calories for this days intake were from carbohydrate (CHO), total fat, and each type of fat. fortune of the Calories from CHO 41% Percentage of the Calories from total fat 48% Sat. blue 17% Mono Fat 8% Poly Fat 4% Trans Fat 3% Show or explain your calculations.To find the % of the calories that were from carbs I took the total step of carbs consumed for the day (380. 3 g) and compute it by 4kcal/g (380. 3 x 4) to get 1521. 3 kcal. I then divided that mathematical product by my total overall calories for the day (3736. 5) to give me . 407, and from there a multiplied that number by 100 to give me 41%. *I employ the same format for the remaining calculations. * Total Fat 200. 3 x 9 = 1802. 7.. 1802. 7/3736. 5 = . 482. 0. 482 x 100 = 48% Sat Fat 72. 55 x 9 = 652. 95652. 95/3736. 5 = . 1740. 74 x 100 = 17% Mono Fat 34. 55 x 9 = 310. 95.. 310. 95/3736. 5 = . 083.. 0. 083 x 100 = 8% Poly Fat 18. 1 x 9 = 162. 9.. 162. 9/3736. 5 = . 043. 0. 043 x 100 = 4% Trans Fat 13 x 9 = 117. 117/3736. 5 = . 031.. 0. 031 x 100 = 3% examine the CHO and total fat values to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The % of calories from carbs fell just short of AMDRs clenc h of 45 65% with a percentage of 41%. The % of calories from total fats was good amount over AMDRs range of 20 35% with a percentage of 48% . (20 points) Using the reading in Highlight 1 in your textbook, find a credible website that has nutrition and/or wellness information that is of interest to you www. healthypeople. gov Give at least 3 ways you determined it was reliable. 1. The web address ends in . gov. 2. The web page is often updated and its last update was on Thursday, phratry 20, 2012. 3. The web site is managed by the U. S Department of Health and sympathetic Services and it states this at the bottom of each page of the website. Provide a summary of the information provided by the website and how it will be helpful to you (beyond what you have learned in the text). Healthy People is a scientifically establish website that provides objectives and opportunities to help improve the health and lifestyles of all Americans. The website gives you multiple different topi cs regarding health (anything from Nutrition and Weight status to topics about Cancer) to help better inform you about the topic, how to act on the topic, and institutions/interventions working on the topic.It will be helpful to me because it provides me with information about several(prenominal) topics that I might non have kn suffer very much about, and if I am aroused or am directly affected by a topic, it gives me umpteen different ways on how to act on the topic. 4. (10 points) What is the most uncouth cause of peptic ulcers? What is recommended treatment? The most common cause is delinquent to H. pylori bacterial infection. Recommended treatment is to treat for infection, eliminate any food that routinely causes indigestion or pain, and avoid coffee and caffeine- and alcohol- tempering beverages. 5. 10 points) In your own words, describe the difference in soluble and insoluble personas, including how they bear upon our health. water-soluble fibers scatter/absorb in contact with water and essentially sheikh up to form a gel like substance. Soluble fibers impact our health in that they help aid in keeping oc transfuseation glucose at a moderate level and lowering cholesterol. Insoluble fibers ar the exact opposite of soluble fibers in that they do not dissolve or absorb in water and pass through our digestive system with little or no change. Insoluble fibers help greatly with intestinal health (i. . hemorrhoid and constipation prevention). USE THE LABEL selective information ON THE LAST PAGE of the Discussion Set FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE QUESTIONS. figure ANY CALCULATIONS NEEDED TO ARRIVE AT YOUR ANSWERS. 6. (10 points) What percentage of your AI for fiber would 2 servings of this food contribute to your days intake? My AI for fiber would be at right about 41 grams, therefore, 2 servings of this cereal (14 g fiber) would contribute to 29% of my days intake (14/41 = . 292.. 0. 292 x 100 = 29. 2=29%). 7. (10 points) What type of fiber do you reckon is included in this food?I think it included both soluble and insoluble fiber because it has both oats (which contain soluble) and bran (which contain insoluble). 8. (5 points) What is the predominant ingredient in this food? Whole Oats 9. (10 points) Does this product contain trans fat? Tell me what information on the label justifies your answer. No, because it shows 0 grams next to trans-fat in the nutrition label, but even then some foods can still contain trans-fat even if it says 0g so I had to look at the ingredients to check to see if hydrogenated/ partially hydrogenated was in the list and in this case it was not. 0. (10 points) Would this be considered a low-fat food? Why or wherefore not? No, because generally for it to be considered a low fat food it needs to have 3g or less fat per serving, and this product has 7g. 5 EC points is your computer file named correctly? pic NOTEthis page is in Landscape format so it will be wider than the previous pages and, if you affect it out, should print in the Landscape orientation. FOOD PORTION CALORIES (kcal) Carbohydrate (g) fatten out (g) Sat (g) Mono (g) Poly (g) Trans (g) FIBER (g) Breakfast Skim milk 1. transfuses 124. 5 kcal 18. 3 g 0. 3 g 0. 15 g 0. 15 g 0 g 0 g Cracklin Oat Bran 1 cup 267 kcal 46. 7 g 9. 3 g 4. 0 g 4. 7 g 1. 3 g 0 g 8. 0 g A. M. Snack Popcorn (popped in oil) 2 cups 128 kcal 10. 0 g 9. 6 g 1. 6 g 2. 2 g 5. 2 g 1. 8 g Kool-Aid 16 oz. 216 kcal 55. 6 g 0 g 0 g 0 g 0 g 0. 4 g Lunch Jack in the Box. Ultimate Cheeseburger 1 1010 kcal 53. 0 g 71. 0 g 28. 0 g - 3. 0 g 2. g Jack in the Box Onion Rings 1 serving 500 kcal 51. 0 g 30. 0 g 6. 0 g 10 g 3. 0 g Coke (regular) 12 oz. 136 kcal 35. 2 g 0. 1 g 0 g 0 g 0 g - 0 g P. M. Snack earth-ball Butter cookies 3 489 kcal 50. 7 g 27. 6 g 5. 1 g 14. 1 g 6. 9 g 2. 7 g Tap Water 2 cups 0 kcal 0 g 0 g 0 g 0 g 0 g 0 g 0 g Dinner Potato, baked (flesh only) ? cup 57 kcal 1 3. 1 g 0. 1 g 0 g 0 g 0 g 0. g Butter 3 tablespoons 306 kcal 0 g 34. 5 g 21. 9 g 9. 0 g 1. 2 g 0 g Ham, cured, boneless, 11% fat, cook 6 ounces 302 kcal 0 g 15. 4 g 5. 4 g 3. 8 g 2. 4 g - 0 g yellow(a) sweet corn, boiled, drained 1 cup 178 kcal 41. 2 g 2. 2 g 0. 4 g 0. 6 g 1 g - 4. 6 g Strawberries, raw ? cup 23 kcal 5. 5 g 0. 2 g 0 g 0 g 0. 1 g 1. 4 g TOTALS - 3736. 5 kcal 380. 3 g 200. 3 g 72. 55 g 34. 55 g 18. 1 g 13 g 24. 8 g

Analysis Act 1 Othello

Name Adeisha Pierre Class U63 Subject Literature OTHELLO deed 1 Lighting is important as it extends Shakespeares thematic concerns with the igniter and shadower of vitrine and skin. Play begins in badness. Entirety of Act integrity is in darkness. Critic Nor human being Sanders The darkness helps to reveal Iagos character because it is set in the night and it highlights the dark and devilish nature of his character. The darkness feeds Iagos malicious nature. Textual evidence Iago Hell and night/ mustiness bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light. We see Iagos obsession with evil. The darkness that Act one is enshrined in gives Iago the billet he needs to plot against and deceive each character he communicates with. For represent he appears to be loyal to Othello whilst simultaneously uttering, I hate the Moor. Iago is ovalbumin and is therefore referred to as having face cloth skin. This purity and light that the colour white is associated with however, does not e xtend to his character as Iago is too consumed by dark thoughts.Contrastingly, Othello who is an Afri plenty Moor and therefore dark in complexion does not let his outward appearance interfere with his inner greatness. This is evident when the Duke says to Brabianto in Scene 3 Your son-in-law is far more fair than black. Shakespeare is extending the idea that man should not be judged by his race or outward appearance exclusively rather by his merit. Language Imagery used to disclose Iagos mysterious character. (The image of Janus, Roman God with two faces. Iago swears by this God which is appropriate as Janus two faced-nesses or doub direct character facilitates Iagos duplicative nature. Iagos words turn into action. He acts one management with Othello and another way behind Othellos back. This is why even though he is deceitful and malicious the characters on stage refer to him as honest Iago. His two faced-nesses therefore give him the power he needs to plot and manipulate. Textual reference Othello says, Honest Iago, / My Desdemona must I supply to thee / I prithee, let thy wife attend on her / And bring them afterwards in the best advantage. At the end of the scene, when Iago is hatching his plan against Othello, he comments that The Moor is of a free and open nature, / That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, / And will as tenderly be led by the nose / As asses are Iago chicanes that Othello considers him honest, and he is planning on using that in his dishonest plans. Iagos ability to wheel power spirals a series of events which is detrimental to most Characters. Shakespeare is letting the audience know to be careful of who they trust. Shakespeare challenges the racial stereotype and the norms of the Elizabethan era when he makes Othello the governor of Cyprus.Significant as it show the audience that despite societies norms people can still excel. Reinforces the idea of judging a man based on merit rather than race. War as a symbol of Othe llos struggle to find a balance between his Islamic/African background and his new status in Venice The tension between Venice and Turkish fleet is a representation of Othellos internal encounter. Turks are Muslim and so is Othello. He is therefore fighting a war against himself. It represents the conflict between valiant, fair Othello and the barbarity which takes place within him.

President Andrew Jackson Essay

Andrew capital of Mississippi, our seventh professorship of the United States, is in rather an ok President. Considered as the Peoples President he was very straight earlier and honest to his people. He takes his job seriously and possibly the virtually liberal president in history. His presidency however was neither boastful nor ripe(p), but shared a fair amount of each.First off, the good qualities he had was the fact he had bold commitment to enforce laws and bear on back against secession threats from South. Two high tariffs were passed during 1828 and 1833 which increased taxes on trade foreign goods. The south was outraged by the high taxation so under the Nullification act that allows states to nullify laws they dont like. salutely after the second tariff was issued, they formed a convention to frame of reference up an army with the idea of secession. capital of Mississippi was so enraged that he was willing to use all the power he has to stop it. luckily he was able to make a deal with the Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was in favor of the south, to lower the tax prices. The south okay off from secession and things settled down.Secondly, the bad if not malicious duties Jackson did during his presidency was the force removal of Native Americans from Georgia to the west and the end point the National wedge system. The state of Georgia was against the Supreme Court who was against the removal of the Natives. Even though the Supreme Court won, Georgia as tumefy as Jackson ignored it and forced the Natives out of Georgia to the present state of Oklahoma. Many died before they even got there. As to the National Bank issue, Jackson believed that it was a monopoly towards the upper class people and as a result refuse to recharter it. Jackson used one of his vetoes, and the Banks congressional supporters did not have enough votes to override him. The Bank ceased to subsist when its charter expired in 1836, but even before that Jackson had we akened it considerably by withdrawing millions of dollars of federal funds. This later resulted in lend to the Panic of 1837.

Sendsad Your Friends a Free Gifts

Introduction In Malaysia, the unusual turners are answer Malaysia to go bad from another country such(prenominal) as comes from Thailand, Indonesia, and for each one another. The foreign doers can be employed in the manufacturing, construction, plantation, agricultural, services and domestic help sector. Even in Malaysia, the foreign workers fool been maturation comes from another country to employ. Today, we are going to present on the causes, effects and ways to prevent just about foreign workers comes to Malaysia to work. Body Causes Firstly, the causes of foreign workers comes Malaysia to work is exchange rate are bigger (MYR). They are hardworking to work. * The Malaysia economic is higher than their own country. Effect The first of foreign workers comes Malaysia to work is unemployment rate increase. * The local worker very difficult to find the jobs in Malaysia. * Local workers are do no to work likes manufacturing, construction, plantation, agricultural, services an d each another. They want to give foreign workers to work hard. Advantages Foreign worker come and work in Malaysia will bring some advantages * Increase Malaysia economic system * Low struggle or salary that pay to foreign worker DisadvantagesRelated reading Disadvantages of Foreign Workers in MalaysiaForeign worker come and work in Malaysia will bring some disadvantages * Unemployment rate for Malaysia citizens will increase * Crime rate will be increase Problem result It have some ways to solving the problem of too more foreign worker work in Malaysia * Government lack of understand or irresponsible * To reduce reliance on low wages Conclusion In conclusion, although foreign worker come and work in Malaysia will bring some advantages and disadvantages, our government have to think about the Malaysia citizen and increase the chances for Malaysia citizen to get a job.

Square proposal

Rusks Tasting Subject Proposal to import a research paper on the impact of wrinkle conversation chores of the employers and the employees of satisfying Pharmacy along with a unique vision, higher heraldic bearing and a terminus orientation of that company Introduction The pharmaceutical diligence in Bangladesh is the most developed technical regions indoors our financial system. This industriousness lyings almost firebrands of medicines and they honor different forms for different medicines. This sector is providing 97% of the number medicine requisite of the local market.With the aim to expand into the export market, booster cable pharmaceutical companies are escalating their business. Square Pharmaceuticals Limited, the flagship company of Square Group, is holding the well-knit leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its steering to becoming a high performance global player. It is a trusted name in the industry of ma nufacturing quality medicines for more than four any(prenominal) decade. uncoiled at once symbolizes a name a state of mind. It has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh.Certain reports suggests that Square is the FIRST to manufacture and market Modernization, Inclining and Catecholamine after the expiry of patents to export antibiotics and other good drugs overseas. O develop sustained release technology locally. To achieve an uncomparable industry high record gross sales turnover of US$ 25 million. To locally Decisional sodium in the chemical division. In addition to these Firsts, SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited (SSP) was always ahead in introducing new products in the market.Their sales turnover was more than Take 1 1. 46 Billion (IIS$ 163. 71 million) with about 16. 43% market share (April 2009- March 2010) having a result rate of about 16. 72%. The major problem they are approach is chat problem between employees and employers within Squar e Pharmaceuticals Ltd. This problem has aflame beca theatrical role of not maintaining a formal relationship between the employer and the employees. A well-managed business disposal normally considers the employees as the vital foundation of efficiency gains.As it is a large organization so most of the times it has been seen that the top aim employer gives orders to the lower aim employees but they do not do their clobber and as they maintain a friendly relationship those top level managers cannot take adequate steps against them. Maintaining a friendly relationship within an organization is not a bad thing but sometimes the top level employers should behave in a formal way in order to make the employees work alongside the rules and obligations of the companys respected managers and employers.If this problem can be work consequently they result give their scoop out performance to enhance the organization. So basically we unavoidableness to specialize in the chat problems regarding the employers and employees internally. Effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the exact knowledge or idea that the sender intended to transmit. Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the direct result of people geting to communicate. Therefore, we want to direct out the main problem in maintaining the formal relationship of this companys employers and employees within the organization.We want to do an in-depth analysis in order to figure out the communication problems and to take a chance out their rational solutions. Every organization has a unique vision, a higher mission and a goal oriented with that company. We want to know the vision, mission and goals of this pharmaceutical. 2 Research Questions Does Square Pharmaceuticals have a business communication problem? If yes, then what token of business communication problems do they have? What are the reasons behind these communication problems? What are the impacts on that or ganization because of those communication problems?How can these problems be god? What are the actions they are taking in order to solve those problems? Is thither any possibility to ever solve those communication problems? If the problem be solved, what types of benefit will the organization get? Hypothesis The following hypotheses are developed for the studyHA Technological changes may dad to communication problems. H2O SAP software maybe more difficult to use than unfriendly to technological changes leading to communication problems. HA The grapevine may break the hierarchy of information flow.HA There maybe communication problems regarding changes in compensation and benefited structure. HA There maybe communication problems regarding performance estimate strategies. HA Cultural differences may also cause difficulties in non-verbal communications, create mixed messages. HA Leaked confidential information creates a liability egress and may causes communication problem. HA C ommunication problems may occurs due to employees who fail to listen or who dont know how to actively listen to their colleagues.HI O nix and indifference attitudes amongst the employers and employees creates communication problems. 3 Research Methodology For our primary entropy we will survey on the employer and the employees of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Through a questionnaire to find out their perception regarding this business communication problem and how it can be solved. Also we will interview one of the employers of that organization to know his/her judging about hose problems and what actions should be taken in order to solve these matters.The secondary data of this report are collected from Square Pharmaceuticals and some other reports much(prenominal) as some well reputed newspapers articles Daily Star, Dacha Tribune, then Journals and through browsing the internet. Organization Our research paper will follow the general format of a research paper with the main sect ions such as Introduction, Literature review, Methodology, Limitations, Data Analysis, Findings/Results of the research, Discussion and Conclusion, References.Hence, the organization of this paper will be directed by the research questions which would be answered in the preceding(prenominal) mentioned main sections. Timetable We intend to follow the subsequent time schedule presented in the class in order to accomplish our research paper by the bye June 24 Final draft of the research proposal August 12 Submission of the research paper Request for Approval the valuable suggestions and instruction manual from you that will lead us towards our research about the silent killer whale business communication problems of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 4

A Case Analysis on Starbucks’ Mission Essay

SummaryNamed after the first mate in Moby Dick, Starbucks was founded in 1971 by three partners in Seattles renowned open-air thruway Place Market. Starbucks is now the third largest restaurant chain in the country, well 1,000 stores in 55 countries. It was the intention of director of retail operations and merchandise Howard Schlutz to make Starbucks into the third place consumers frequent, after home and work. You can let on a Starbucks in various settings including office buildings, bookstores, and university campuses. Starbucks promotes convenience by sell its products through retail outlets. In order to remain competitive, Starbucks has introduced many bran-new products everyplace the years. The recent global recession brought a change in policy, causing Starbucks to cut back on expansion in the US and focus more on international markets.See more assiduity essayTaking necessary measures to remain relevant, Starbucks has come up with successful, life customers coming meth ods such as, Breakfast pairings, VIA instant deep brown, Starbucks card, even a lively app. Another key part of the Starbucks image involves its commitment to ethics and sustainability, throng first, profit last. Because of its strong corporeal culture, Starbucks has been ranked Fortunes 100 Best Companies to Work for for nearly a decade as well as being voted Most Ethical Company throw and chair Schlutz is a true believer that ethical companies do remedy in the long run. Starbucks is in addition actively involved with nonprofit organizations about the globe including precisely not limited to Bonos Product rosy who raise money for HIV and AIDS research. The company also makes $14.5 in loans t poor farmers around the world. Schlutz key to obligeing a strong concern is creating an environment where everyone believes theyre part of something bigger than themselves barely believes they also vex a voice.The companys efforts at transparency, the treatment of its workers, and its dozens of kindly commitments demonstrate how genuine Starbucks is in its agency to be an ethical and well-disposedly trusty company. Its re drawation is built on product quality, stakeholder concern, and a balance approach to all of its business activities. In spite of Starbucks efforts to maintain richly ethical standards, the company has garnished harsh criticisms on issues such as pretermit of fair trade burnt umber, hormone added milk, Schlutz alleged financial links to the Israeli government and that the companys relentless growth has forced locally run coffee shops out of business. The challenges that the company has experienced and will happen to experience have convinced it to focus on its strengths. And despite setbacks, allegations, and the recession, the future tense looks bright for Starbucks.Questions1.Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibleness in its overall corporate strategy?Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility for two main reasons, to investigate its negative impact on the companys financial and nonfinancial rewards. According to our textbook, Starbucks has been engaged in responsible business practices almost from day one. Being socially responsible Starbucks has its financial and nonfinancial rewards say Schultz. Whom is a firm believer of ethics, they do better in the long run. Because of Starbucks dedication to their employees and their suppliers, Starbucks had earned their loyalty. During the 2008-2009 recession, they decided to refocus their strategy. They closed several hundred underperforming locations in response to the economic downturn. They also introduced breakfast pairings, a Starbucks-styled value meal, for an affordable price.They even introduced an instant coffee consumers can brew at home. Due of their substantial growth over two decades, they have spent a considerable amount of conviction defending their image, due to their clustering strategy to many s mall coffee shops out of business and many consumers began to wonder if there really was a need for two Starbucks right across the street from each other. ultimately Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy because its popular Also it helps the companys image, to parcel out about the lodge and the environment. Those are positive standpoints that define the companys self portrayal, its important how you look on the outside but in the end its all about sales2.Is Starbucks unparalleled in being able to provide a mellow train of benefits its employees?Most companies, though they value their employees, have not been known to put them on the pedestal employees of Starbucks have been put on. Founder Schlutz key to maintain a strong business is creating an environment where everyone believes theyre part of something larger than themselves but believes they also have a voice. Nonetheless Starbucks benefits package is a key reason why it has remarkable low employee turnover and high productivity.3.Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment that customers want?Both aspects have lead to the growth of the company. Its unobjectionable ethical nature has allowed for the company to be deemed trust worthy but all those involved with in it. The consumer friendly accommodations have kept the customers happy. Its community involvement has shown its concern for more than just profit. The companys efforts at transparency, the treatment of its workers, and its dozens of philanthropic commitments demonstrate how genuine Starbucks is in its mission to be an ethical and socially responsible company. Thus far gaining growth.

Maltese Village Cores

THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MALTESE VILLAGE CORE pic Name Daniel Cossai figure F4 Matteo Ricci Table of Contents ? Introduction p. 3 ? A typical Maltese closure nubble p. 4-6 ? How is the crossroads burden being protected straightaway? p. 7-8 ? An example of a Maltese colonization core Attard p. 9-10 ? Conclusion p. 11 ? References p. 12 Introduction In the Maltese Islands hotshot gage materialise nearly 67 crossroadss every(prenominal) around the island.Since Malta is quite populated much than or less hamlets ar close to each opposite, like the three resolutions of Attard, Balzan and Lija, and one readiness think that they atomic number 18 actually one colonisation, while others be more isolated with surrounding rural areas. Villages vary from grey-haired and ultramodern just now they all absorb distinct disports and characteristics and they are mainly built around the liquidation core. In this project, the various characteristics of a typical Malt ese small town core are discussed followed by a detailed example of the emeritus closure of Attard. A typical Maltese village coreA typical Maltese village core normally has several(prenominal) characteristics which can be seen in most of the older villages, which are much more common than the more modern ones. The parish perform building helping building The main focal testify of any old village is the parish church which is mainly of the baroque bearing and occupies a central position. It is a grand style and the village church contrasts strikingly with the flat roof tops of the nearby houses and other buildings. Attard Parish church building The majority of the Maltese people are Roman Catholic and the church has always played an of the essence(p) role in the villagers lives.In gray magazines when villagers worked in the nearby fields they would return home when the church clock struck 6 tolls of the Ave Maria. Nowa sidereal days after aggregate many people gather in the church parvis to talk close to daily events. This is a typical scene in any village and shows the social aspect of the Maltese people. The village core comes to life during the flow of the patron saint. During this quantify the roadways are decorated with flags, banners, garlands, flowers, multi-coloured lights and statues on wooden pedestals. on that berth are kiosks selling traditional food, nougat and candy floss.Brass ringings entertain the crowds, in concert with fireworks in the main consecutive. The procession with the saints statue prolonges through the specialise streets of the village core. The shockable streets A nonher typeicular f takeure of the old part of a village is the narrow, winding streets which normally lead to the church. These are commonly quite narrow as cars and buses did not exist in the term in which they were built. It is said that the streets were winding as a way of acknowledgment against enemy attacks. Most streets in the village co re have alleys. A narrow street in AttardIn these streets one can usually consider several niches dedicated to saints. They were a form of beautiful and esthetical decoration and showed the devotion which the Maltese had towards their religion. They also served as a point of easy reference to encounter a particular place in quantify when people were highly illiterate and could not read street names. An example of a niche in ebbu The main buildings The buildings in the old village core are usually farmhouses or houses of character with a central courtyard, outer staircases and rubble-walled rooms.Many of these are being renovated by ripe architects to restore their natural ravisher. Since they are built after the baroque or neolithic style these buildings are quite big with large doors and windows. A particular feature is the different door knobs which one can occur at every door. Another reason for much(prenominal) large houses was that shocking people used to live in the v illage core. Also, most prolonged families used to live in one house. In the village core one can also find various shops, like the grocer, butcher, bread maker and vegetable v send awayor. The most primary(prenominal) buildings are also found in every typical village.These may include the local council, the police station, the parish priests office, the parish hall, the cemetery, the school and the band and political guilds. Another characteristic feature is the village bar where men usually meet to have tea, eat pastizzi or ob bi-ejt, gossip or watch a football match. former(a) characteristics In the village core one can usually find several decorations including statues, fountains, street lamps and benches. Local activities are normally held in the village square. These are either held by the church or local council as an occasion for villagers to meet and have few fun.Bazaars and car washes are a good deal held as fund raising activities. In recent years some villages are becoming more innovative and organize unique activities, such as a chocolate or strawberry fair, to attract outsiders and tourists. How is the village core being protected nowadays? As the name implies the village core is the most important part of any society. All of the important buildings can be found on that point and it is also the place where the majority of people meet and socialise. Therefore it goes without saying that the village core moldiness be an attractive and safe place to attend.Local councils have the business of ensuring a average, safe environment and fight against vandalism to preserve the beauty of the village. A short interview with a representative of the Attard Local Council was held regarding the egis of the village. Interview ? The village core is an important part of the village. Does this make it a main target for vandals? Yes, unfortunately, our village core has suffered from a lot of acts of vandalism. For example, the tend of doubting Thomas Ding li, which can be found in the village square, has been vandalised several times. What does the council do the try and protect the village core from these acts of vandalism? Recently, we have asked the local police and wardens to increase their patrols, and to keep better watch over certain places especially the gardens and street decorations. We also do our best to jam any damage done as quickly as possible. ? Is the village core protected in any other way not related to vandalism? Yes, the village core is a very important part of the village be pay off most people often gather here.We are doing our best to keep the village core as Bring-In Sites Attard Village centre clean as possible. For example, we have set up Bring-In Sites in the village core, so that people will recycle more for a spick environment, and at the same time overturn throwing away their litter outside. The gigantic Refuse removal truck comes around the village every day so that bulky items such as fridges d o not end up thrown away in one of the gardens. Unfortunately, this has happened in the past. bridle-path sweepers are also employed so that the environment is as clean as possible. ? What about traffic? The streets in the village core are quite narrow. Are there any special rules which help to avoid defilement and damage to streets and buildings? Yes, like you said the streets are quite narrow and this makes it hard for large trucks to pass. They could easily hit the buildings and cause damage, plus they cause congestion of traffic. Signs are put up so that heavy vehicles cannot pass through the village core unless they need to render a service to a particular street.The village core must not be used as a by-pass. This has also reduced the amount of pollution and hence we have a cleaner environment. An example of a Maltese village core Attard The old village core of Attard is made up of the perform Square and several streets and alleys. These are Qormi Road, ebbu Road, Valletta R oad, Main Street, Church Street, Small Square Street, St. Dominics Street, St. Marys Street, and Thomas Dingli Street. The village core is the oldest part of Attard. It dates back to 3,000 years B. C.The Parish church dedicated to The boldness was built between 1613 and 1616. It was designed by the architect Thomas Dingli. bordering to the church is the Parish Hall where social functions take place. Attard Parish Church The architect Thomas Dingli is still remembered in Attard, and in 1998 a new village square was built and named after him. In the square one can find a small garden used as a relaxation area. There is also a monument which mentions the names of all the residents of Attard who died during earth War II. Thomas Dingli SquareThe Local Council is also found in the village core. It is in the same building as the local natural law Station. On its wall, there is a mail box which dates back to the time of Queen Victoria. It is the only mail box remaining in Malta from th e time of Queen Victoria. Attard Police Station Attard Local Council In front of the parish church one can find the parish priests office, where people go to get information relating to births and marriages, or talk to the parish priest. Nearby is the Stella Levantina Band companionship.Club members and musicians meet here throughout the year either to practice the bands music in preparation for the village feast and other occasions, or else simply to talk with each other. As the feast starts approaching, the club becomes more crowded. The parish priests office In St. Dominics Street, there is a museum about the trains history. In olden times the train used to pass from Attard on its way to Mdina. Recently, the Council has decorated all the streets in the village core with decorative street lanterns. Conclusion The village core is a very important part of every village because it is the centre of all activity.It is vital for the local community and something which cannot be outsi de or easily changed, in fact certain old buildings cannot be modernized and have to keep their characteristics. This is ruled by the MEPA. As one can see from the characteristics mentioned in this project, living in the village core can be a different experience from living on the outskirts. Some people, especially the new generation, would prefer somewhere quieter and more modern buildings. In the future, every local council in the Maltese Islands should continue working on improving the situation of their villages core.Most localities are already protecting the core, but there can always be more room for improvement. For example, cameras can be installed near places in the village core which suffer from vandalism frequently. References Alfie Guillaumier (2002) Bliet u Irula Maltin. Malta Klabb Kotba Maltin Magazine Attard Magazine Malta this calendar month (July 2002) Magazine Grip (Issue 4) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Attard http//www. attard. gov. mt/default. asp http//www. malteseislands. com/malteseislands. asp Attard Local Council

Hidden Themes from Homer’s Odyssey Essay

kor uses the psyche of lookual sprainth as one of his implicit in(p) themes in the Odyssey. He relates this message through with(predicate) various characters and their adventures or actions. uncanny growth is brought on by rough epochs, temptations, long travels, and even chasten times. Homer does a good job of hitting on every of these factors. Odysseus adventures and growth argon much more prevalent in the Odyssey than those of both other character. He begins on Calypsos island, where he has everything, shut out happiness. His sapidity is low as he longs for his homeland. Homer introduces Odysseus at a low point to emphasize the growth of Odysseus spirit from head start to finish up. If Homer had figuren Odysseus in a good spirit first, because the growth would non stick seemed as prevalent. Odysseus seems to see the light when he finds out that he leave behind be sailing home. He is tried and true first when Poseidon just near kills him off the coast of Scheria, the first island he r separatelyes. The Odyssey says, and trapped within that wake of the brine, Odysseus would arrest died before his time had not gray-eyed genus A accordinglye counseled him (Odyssey by Mandelbaum, 109). Athena releases Odysseus to experience the storm, except not die. She knows that it will select him realer for it. There is an experient saying, which goes along with this situation, what doesnt kill us makes us stronger. Odysseus is overly tempted when he and his crew pass the Sirens.He is the exclusively one to hear their var. and must be tied to a post in effect to keep himself restrained. Odysseus spirit is still weak as he is rivet with the Sirens power to foretell the future. He says, So did they chant with their entrancing voice. My center field longed so to listen, and I asked my hands to set me free (Odyssey by Mandelbaum, 243). The restraints allow him to struggle with the challenge and become stronger without being entangled with the evil. The suitors entice Odysseus when he returns home disguised as the beggar. But now, he has the strength and will power to reject those spoken oral communication. Homer expresses his ideas about pride and spirit when Odysseus encounters the Cyclopes. After out-smarting Polyphemus, Odysseus shouts out his own name in search for kleos. These were his words to Polyphemus, if any mortal man should ask about the shameful blinding of your eye, then tell him that the man who gouged you was Odysseus, ravager of cities (Odyssey by Mandelbaum, 185).Instead of being crushed by the experience, Odysseus tries to brag about what he has done. In reality, it was the gods who blessed him with the ability to escape his situation. Odysseus pays for this action as Poseidon makes his travel back more tough than it should have been. We see later in the Odyssey how Odysseus grows from this experience when he returns home. He is angered by the suitors and has the composure to keep his name sec ret until the adjust time. His spirit is more humble now with the idea of pride than it was on his travel home. Telemachus alike experiences ghostly growth, but Homer pomps it in a different manner. Whereas Odysseus growth is cin one caserned with situations, Telemachus is dependent upon a journey. He is direct international from home in search of his father. It seems as though the prince was so dependent on his father that he never really got away from home on his own. It took his fathers disappearance to force Telemachus into a leadership role.He visits friends of his fathers and experiences xenia as the normal offer of households do. Through his journey, he learns to depend on the gods and returns home a more spiritually inclined man. Telemachus learns how to make decisions and trust the instinct that the gods give to him. galore(postnominal) can talk the talk, but Telemachus had to walk the walk in recount to grow spiritually. And his maturity is displayed toward the e nd of the Odyssey. Homer shows many different types of spiritual growth throughout the Odyssey. But, he has one main idea the spirit with the most growth and strength is the one that is tested and weakened through the process. Telemachus spirit grows, but cannot comp ar to that of Odysseus because he was not weakened and tested as much as Odysseus. The weakening allows a person to grow stronger, not just grow.There are many layers of content in the fantastic world of Odysseuss tale. Loyalty has to be seen as a major theme in The Odyssey and can be seen as having a significant meaning to Odysseuss story. This section will discuss the idea of how Odysseuss loyal supporters still remain devoted to him even subsequently he has been away for nearly two decades as well as pose a question pertaining to Odysseuss own actions of infidelity. When reading The Odyssey deuce-ace main characters stand out that show their trustworthiness to Odysseus while he is away meshing in the Trojan War a nd trying to make his way back to Ithaca. It seems to me that the most loyal of all these characters could, somehow, easily be overlooked, but it would definitely have to be Odysseuss wife genus Penelope. however after nearly twenty old age apart from her husband, she still the Great Compromiser close to Odysseus and refuses to marry one of the awaiting suitors that hassle her twenty-four hours in and day out. There even came a time when Penelope told the suitors that she would wed erst she finished Laertes shroud, but stated, I would weave that mighty web by day but then by night, by torchlight, I undid what I had done (Odyssey 384). This only proves her complete and utter veneration to Odysseus.Along with Penelope, Telemachus and Odysseuss loyal swineherd Eumaeus were committed to the King of Ithaca. Telemachus, in one regard, shows his loyalty to Odyssues by going on a voyage to learn more about his father,Odysseus, and Eumaeus speaks highly of his king when Odysseus quest ions him upon returning to Ithaca saying, I call him my lord, although he is not here (Odyssey 278). But the main way in which I see the two of these characters remaining loyal to Odysseus is when they stand by him and watch on the feisty suitors to win back Odysseuss palace. It would have been highly difficult for Odysseus to do it on his own and either one of them could have not participated in the bout, but instead decided to stand by their king and put him back in the position that he once held.Through each of these three characters commitment and devotion to Odysseus, it can be expressed that loyalty has a major meaning in the world of Odysseuss tale, but I would like to end this section by posing a question to be belief about. Penelope is shown as the most loyal of all by staying faithful and true to her husband even though they are not to halther. She resists time and time again the attempts of the suitors for her hand in marriage. So, wherefore is it that Odysseus is so treacherous to his wife? He is unfaithful with at least two characters Circe, whom he stays with for a year and Calypso, where he is held captive for seven years but sleeps in her bed. Of all the characters that are so loyal to Odysseus, why is he so unloyal in return? persistencyBy Jeremy delightfulThe topic of our group is layers of meaning in the fantastic world of Odysseuss tale. There are a lot of different layers of meaning for each tale and the Odyssey itself, and there is more than one interpretation. In this perspective, the theme of the Odyssey is perseverance. perseveration is an important theme and is one that is seen throughout the whole play and by more than one character. First, there is Odysseus. Odysseus was greeted with perseverance at the very beginning of the epic. He was being held captive by Calypso on an island, and after being visited by Athena, he had the notion and the strong impulse to get home. Despite Calypsos insistence, he decided to leave. He also had an encounter with Circe, and was presented with temptation of all kinds. Odysseus with his wife and son still in mind took the sea once more and proceeded home. Also, Odysseus and his men came in turn over with the lotus-eaters. The lotus plants provided an excellent, relaxing feeling for all of the crew, and no one treasured to leave except for Odysseus who stayed his course. Perseverance is also displayed in his way of thinking, his desire to survive and at times conquer, are qualities that promote his perseverance.For instance, when Odysseus finally returns home, he plans to kill all of the suitors that have been courting his wife and he did so. He also earns his place as the basileus of his home again. Odysseus however isnt the only person to present this theme throughout the story. Penelope is another modeling of this theme. Penelope lived for years without Odysseus and everyone told her that he was most likely dead and then she should move on. Penelope however never los t hope. She often cried and was reprehensible thinking of the notion that he was dead, but she never moved on. Penelope was visited by many suitors and often housed the suitors. She would feed them and the suitors would take full value of her cordial reception and her kindness. She persevered over all the years that Odysseus was gone, and when he returned to her, she had no causa to feel guilty and was still fully his. Finally, Telemacus also displayed perseverance.He was in very much the same situation that Penelope was, except that he wasnt a believer until after Athena visited. He could have ignored what Athena said and just given up right there, but he created his course and stayed, going on voyages and discovering the truth about his father and also grew as a person at this time. Perseverance appears to be one of the strong themes of this story and also a strong characteristic of Odysseus and his family. The fact that they all have this characteristic and that they all disp lay it at different times and apart from each other shows that they each mean a lot to one another. It also displays the importance of the family in ancient Greek history.HospitalityBy John KelleyOdysseuss journey takes place in a world very different than ours. Civilizations are separated by vast uninhabited land where both infixed and unnatural obstacles are always present. Hospitality is what makes travel even possible in a world like this. It allows people to rest from their utmost journeys and escape from looming troubles. Because of the extreme importance of cordial reception, those who break this code of conduct are severely punished by the gods. When people follow the code of hospitality they are generally rewarded. There have been many situations throughout the Odyssey where both Odysseus and Telemachus were shown swell hospitality. Early in the story when Telemachus sets off on his journey to find out about his father he is shown great hospitality by Nestor and Menela us even before they know his identity. Meanwhile, back at home, the suitors at his house plot their hosts death upon his return.Here, the Odyssey shows the great contrast between good and evil, using hospitality as the comparison. Odysseus is also shown great hospitality when he arrives at the shores of Scheria and is welcomed by the Phaeacians. After his visit, the Phaeacians load up up a ride for Odysseus to travel on, and send him off. Soon Poseidon learns of this and turns the boat into a stone, sinking it to the bottom of the ocean. This is an example where hospitality is not rewarded. This shows that genus Zeus will reward hospitality as long as it does not interfere with the other gods. Zeus did not want a confrontation with his brother Poseidon, therefore allowing Poseidon to punish the Phaeacians. There have also been situations where hospitality was not shown and punishments were provided. One example was when Odysseus and his men went to Ismarus and met Polyphemus. He, at first, showed signs of hospitality but soon turned hostile and killed several of Odysseuss men.The rest of the men were locked away, but the gods gave Odysseus the cunning ability to escape and blind Polyphemus. Telemachus was also protect by the gods from the evils of the suitors, who had plotted his murder. When both Telemachus and Odysseus had returned home disguised, Arnaeus, another beggar, challenged Odysseus to a fight but Athena gave Odysseus extra strength and stature to win the fight. The gods then help Odysseus and Telemachus kill the suitors and once again take charge of their home. In the Odyssey, it is the gods that rule over the mortal. This caused a fear that drives mortals to behave in a way that they feel will be rewarded by the gods. Perhaps the mortals in the Odyssey are not great gentlemen that love their fellow men, but show hospitality in fear of punishment.

Particular sectors of the population Essay

Abstract The leg of this paper is to help the reader grasp the contrasting aspects of human individualal indistinguishability element operator mental synthesis with regards to mavens go and/or heathenishity. This is a paper that is incredibly burning(prenominal) to all b miss markets of mass regardless of economic grad or whatever else is betingly more principal(prenominal). It is quite impossible to go by means of knocked let on(p) life without forming an judgement of who you ar or where you agree add together whether you c ar to make it a bureau of your everyday life, absorb no pick or acknowledge it when it is convenient without that knowledge I take place it tricky to fully make the most of life.Through the readings from the semester and flesh discussions I absorb come to the conclusion that tweed heathenals take up to any cite their heathenishities thick or thin, or they chose to in bodied it into their lives symbolically. wispys on the o pposite stance of the spectrum lack prime(a) in their racial identity beca exercise their rush is circumpolar and so it is designate to them. Asiatics progress to both the skill to get to exert their specific paganities advertize they ar racially assigned. The issue with racial and heathen construction is that it is born of societal construction-what others believe of your race to be true.This drop make the identity construction process overmuch more difficult depending upon your racial or ethnic background. Regardless, I find this to be an important theatrical role of the identity construction journey. How m whatsoever c bes one loses when one decides non to be every(prenominal)thing still to be slightlyone. These words were spoken by the nonorious French fashion designer, Gabrielle Coco Chanel. In the States today, these words could non ring truer in the subject of identity. Who am I? , Where do I come from? All questions of egotism reflection which und oubtedly distributively single(a) asks themselves on a daily basis.These questions be non elaborate in structure barely hold a great deal of tilt to them and contain countless answers. dust coat ethnics face the decision of whether or not to include their ethnicities into their identity construction their racial invisibility gives them the choice to identify. racial minorities self nail cut down diametrically from those of the washcloth majority- in that respect frequently is no choice. on that point are many different facets of identity construction that create the change formulas with which fatal Ameri tail ends must create their racial identity.The blatant visibility of race for sicks creates many of the difficulties that they face in the United States varying from the universalized stereo emblems, main course into the coveted pose class of America. These are some of the factors that determine whether or not a compulsive(p) s screwingdalous identity is m acrocosm formed. Lastly, Asiatic Ameri cigarets, pay off found themselves in that strange middle ground of identity construction their struggle is not exactly the like that of faint Americans alone they are also not easily accepted like the overabundant face clothned conclaveing.The unique factors that help Asian Americans shape their identity are the equal ones that make it difficult for others outside of their race to define them. It is with this unknown crew that Asian Americans move over been given the convenient ability to choose to assert their specific ethnicities and to put on like snowy ethnics spot serene feeling the effects of racial constraint and having their race assigned to them like grisly Americans. colour Ethnic Identity Construction Today we adverting for at the possible counselings the dust coat racial group define themselves how they appear to others of their corresponding race as well as to non- tweeds and the clashing of American socie tal expectations on the self, ultimately creating a portrait of how white ethnics construct their ethnic identity throughout the genesiss and the evolution of ethnic cheer over time.It is all too commons to hear an individual order I dont care what people think of me or Their sound judgement doesnt matter, although that may be their thought process, little do they know that it is the interaction with other human beings that helps form for each one soulfulnesss sense of self and that every persons opinion of you matters a great deal. Identity cannot exist a break off from a group (Gans, 1991, p. 430). Each person bounces their personality off of other people and it is from their reactions to us that we base our identities on. This thought is called The expression Glass self-importance developed by Charles Cooley.Cooley argues that every time we interact with some other person, we fit ourselves in a mirror that they hold up to us and our reflections shape our sense of self (Butler-Sweet, 2011, Sep. 20). Essentially our self definitions are based on how others define us. We cannot dismount it, the society that we live in is based on interaction with other people and humans, by nature are visual we judge offshoot by what we take hold of. This is wherefore race is the defining factor in American society but mainly for non-whites. The white race in America is decree, however, it is not dominate because of the race itself but because of the finis that was formed from it.This idea of white stems from European ideals where historically white ethnics had the most education and were Christians opposed to the non-Christians who were also not white. When Europeans came over to America they brought these ideals with them and used them as a foundation for the new assimilation they were creating that place commodious tenseness on church, family, and accumulating wealth and with that social status (Zack, 1998, p. 61). These ideals were the foundation o f American close and since this culture was created by whites, American became synonymous with white, white became the norm and hence trans call forth.If you are white in America it is mellowly unlikely that you will call attention your race on a daily basis unless you are dictated in a situation where you are surrounded by non-whites and coerce into awareness. It is a definite advantage to have your race be unsee qualified to everyone when you are accustomed to seeing something, you do not think virtually(predicate) it. That being said, according to the Looking Glass Self, hardly anyone, white or non-white will reflect a white persons whiteness to them. Having race viewed as insignificant in a white individuals identity.Due impart, to the diminished grandeur of race to white identity construction, ethnicity among white ethnics is a choice. whiteness ethnics can decide if they ask their ethnicity to be a part of what shapes their identity and if they do chose to assert an ethnicity they chose erst again if they want to assert it thick or thinly. Growing up in computerized axial tomography, I know that in that location is not as broad a variety of ethnicities as there could be among white ethnics but in a few of the less suburban areas in Connecticut, to wit New Britain, certain white ethnics choose to thickly assert their ethnicity.In New Britain there is a large population of Polish white ethnics they speak the language and have ethnic markets and restaurants. They choose to incorporate their ethnicity into their unremarkable lives and think with those of that same ethnicity. On the flip side, in my suburban hometown of Farmington, Connecticut, there were a decent kernel of Polish people who attended my high school however, most choose to thinly assert their ethnicity mostly by only claiming their ethnicity when it came to soccer or eating polish food during the holidays. The importance of ethnicity to white ethnics is often asserted thi nly if at all.The amount of emphasis set(p) on the take to be of ethnic identity among whites is not the same as it has been in times past the emphasis has now been placed on American culture and what is considered valuable. If white ethnics choose to include their ethnicity in their identity today, it would most likely be symbol of what once was. When Europeans early came to America from whichever country, their certain ethnic background was everything. The language, food, traditions, clothing and music was a regular influence on their everyday lives as send-off generation Americans.Community ties to people of your same ethnicity were incredibly important as it was an backstage of your immediate family. universe the new kids on the block so to speak, was what unbroken these ethnic communities very tightly pucker however, each generation by and by began to slowly back a modality from those original ties and started to assimilate into the dominate American culture. The accu lturation process starts in split second generation white ethnics where original ethnic traditions that they grew up with become not as important because now, engagement in to the dominate culture is the way to progress.The third generation white ethnic, has fully assimilated into American culture and has little interest in their ethnicity because by now they have figured out that in being a white ethnic, they fit into the dominate culture and ethnicity is not necessary. It may not necessarily be a hindrance to their economic, intellectual or social success, but it also is not a part of them that they feel ingestfully to be asserted it is at this point, that ethnic symbolism departs to show up (Gans, 1991, p. 430).Through intermarriage and acculturation, third generation white ethnics and beyond often know little about their ethnicity or by now ethnicities. sometimes there are so many ethnicities to choose from, from either parent that a white ethnic will simply pick out the st ereotypes of a certain ethnicity in their genetic arsenal that they feel they can identify most with as a way of feeling ethnic of their ethnic identity. Physical traits are often used as the power for which ethnicity a white ethnic will chose to identify with one of my ambient friends is Luxembourgian, German, Scandinavian, Swedish, Norwegian, and Scottish.Despite the fact that her last name itself is German, she chooses to associate her fair skin, light-haired hair and blue eyes with her Scandinavian and Swedish ethnicities this is probably in large part due to her mothers family whos tale holds more interest to her as well as people who look the most like her. She uses her physical features as symbols of her ethnicity, zilch more. It is often that if one side of the family is more vocal about a certain ethnicity or ethnicities within the family that as a result, the children will associate more with that ethnicity or ethnicities (Waters, 1998, p.60).The majority of white ethn ics are of the upper middle class in American society because the race is not a constraint for them and so they have access to jobs and to education that non-whites may not have. This American culture or whiteness by itself leads to a sense of monotony to some white ethnics and so the symbolic ethnicity comes into play as a way to liven things and bring back a since of individuality to not be just American (Waters, 1998, p. 90).Non-whites in America prolong their ethnicity and embrace it because they are not given as equal a chance to assimilate into the dominate culture and without that opportunity, they are cut off from the jobs, that would provide bills to become educated and progress in the American way and therefore stay very rooted in their original culture and maintain a strong sense of community which many white ethnics do not have. The constraints of white ethnic identity are few. The invisibility of whiteness gives white ethnics a definite upper hand and even further so, when it comes to their ethnicity they can make the choice.The possibilities for white ethnic identity and furthermore, their identity as a whole would seem to be very flexible. They lack only, it would seem when it comes to the sense of community. In the American culture, as it has evolved into today, the majority populations focus is on wealth and social status and so nothing else comes to matter. White ethnics as a whole suffer little if any because, being the prevailing race and culture it is rare to find any door closed the invisibility of their race gives them an unseen advantage which racial minorities do not have. Black racial Identity ConstructionAs mentioned previously in discussing white ethnic identity construction, Cooleys Looking Glass self was a prime factor in how identity is shaped, particularly for Black Americans. The mirror that is continuously held up to each Black person is a ceaseless reminder that their race is a large part of how others define them. Unlike the overriding White group, race is nowhere close to being invisible for Blacks. W. E. B DuBois applies the basic idea of Cooleys looking at glass self, most specifically to the Black minority group with this concept of a range consciousness (Butler-Sweet, 2011, Nov.3).Much like the looking glass, the double consciousness stresses that you will never be able to real see yourself if you are of the Black minority group because others will see your race first and automatically reflect a electro invalidating image. If this double consciousness continues it can create, what Cornell West calls a Nihilistic flagellum internalizing the invalidating impressions of your racial group and therefore yourself. Beverly Daniel Tatum points out in her book wherefore Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? that five-year-old children do not view racial differences as an issue but rather as a topic of curiosity, however, as the child reaches, what she calls, the get word st age about adolescence race becomes very noticeable and if parents are not careful, their child will internalize all of the negative connotations of what it is to be Black (p. 55). The rest of that childs life they will be reminded daily of their race, not necessarily in demeaning racial slurs, but in indirect forms of racism and prejudices. Unlike their White counterparts, Black Americans do not have the privilege of letting their race be invisible in society.Being the dominant group, White is expected and accepted-their race is invisible but as a minority group, Blacks do not have the choice of blending in race is not only an assigned part of ones identity if you are Black but it is thickly assigned which creates the boundaries and sense of separateness among the different racial groups. Identifying oneself as Black is essential for a member of the Black minority group if they aspiration to avoid self conflict. Wishing that you were not Black or attempting to be something other t han Black only exasperates the issue.This negative view has to do with prejudices which modify into stereotypes about Black Americans and translated into the negative Black identity which Black adolescents begin to form and even take with them into adulthood. Ones view of what it means to be Black can be fuelled primarily through stereotypes which can lead to a disdain of your own race. This could be expressed in a need to be the opposite of all those stereotypes, which was manifested as the Black kid not sitting at the all Black table (Tatum, 1997, p. 67).He winnow outd to associate himself with those of his race because of the stereotypes that were reflected through the looking glass. This can at times be rectified later in life through exposure to imperative examples of Black peoples, particularly those who are college educated. According to the double consciousness, the fact that you are Black is already assigned and therefore take a firm stand it further, is unnecessary. T he idea that having a absolute Black identity is contingent upon putting your race first is redundant because it is already visible to everyone you come in contact with.It is as if you are a book and your race is the plastic covering around it people cannot open the book because the plastic is sealed so tightly around it. In order for there to be a positive foreboding(a) identity all that is necessary is a full bankers acceptance of your race and the positive aspects of it. The presence of positive Black role models in the life of a Black youth early on encourages a positive Black identity and expels most of the widely spread negative stereotypes. (Tatum, 1997, p.55).With largely widespread negative views on Black Americans as a whole and stereotypes being perpetuated regularly it is easy for a Black person to feel victimized caged into a role even. The most readily open images of Black people in the media are often those that portray blacks in dire, downtrodden striates or extr eme poverty. Sadly, this generalized portrait of Black Americans is overly, the dramatized and filled with conspiracy violence, illegal drug sale, and so on.This type of life has been glorified in popular music rappers especially speak of having been poor and having to live in the projects-the only way to survive being crime. Whatever is most unremarkably projected will be the easiest to accept as your only choice if you are Black. Lack of funding in lower income communities, the majority of which are populated by Black Americans, create low grade schools decrease the ability or even the possibility for Black minorities to go on to high education. America is a country built on capitalism if one group cannot keep open up with the dominant group financially they will fall back.Only 30% of Black Americans are poverty-stricken but as a whole, are widely accepted as poor because of the medias attention on densely populated, majority black communities (Butler-Sweet, 2011, Nov. 10). When this negative view becomes the norm, it is hard for Black youth to see much else, which is often why the minority of Blacks who rise above the negative stereotypes their racial identity is questioned by others of their same race. Since the idea of a middle class and the suburbs is a social class largely dominated by the dominant white group, some would find Black Americans as a part of that middle class to be an oddity.It is automatically sweep upd that because the White race is dominate in American society that they would have the jobs, the wealth, education and ability to enter seamlessly into the middle class realm and above. However, racial prejudices and stereotypes have make it so that it is quite uncommon to find a Black family in a predominantly White suburb the symbol of the middle class. Somehow, through hard execution, sacrifice or well-off parents, Blacks have managed to go on to higher(prenominal) education and thereafter higher paying jobs, earning them a stead in the middle class.Unfortunately, this kind of success among Black people of the middle class does not sit well with those that live below it. It is the truest arguing to say that personally, growing up in a largely White suburb, endured an intense inquisition about my racial affiliation from my Black peers who were bused in from Hartford. I was told that I dressed White, talked White, and many a time that I was in fact White or an oreo cookie as they would put it. Many of my White friends would joke around with me that I was not Black.There is nothing more offensive than being told, in so many words, that because your parents were educated, held well paying jobs, bought a house in the suburbs and educated you in a majority White school system, that you were no longer Black worse even, being scrutinized and ignored by people of your own race because of a difference in social class. Tatum speaks of the same issues in her book, she even states how important it is for young Black p eople in predominantly White communities to connect with other Black peers to share experiences and append awareness of daily life outside of the suburbs (Tatum, 1997, p.69-70).One would think that advent to a university with a larger community of Blacks than in my high school would open doors, but sadly I find that the divide is most completely the same. The Black friends I have do since attending the University of Connecticut have been ones that share a similar background as myself seldom do non-suburban Black people and I become friends and it is not for lack of effort on my part. I would like to think that I keep a positive attitude towards both Whites and Blacks but because of the stereotypes so deep ingrained in many of us, it is difficult to lay them down and airt our way of thinking.It is this reason, among others why other racial and sometimes ethnic minorities have difficulty being accept in America, Asian Ethnic and Racial Identity Construction The entrance into Amer ica for Asians is considered to be the first beat of immigration. This wave is relatively recent beginning in the early nineteenth century with the Chinese who immediately moved out west where the work they were given was largely agricultural.Like all immigrants advance into the United States, the Chinese, Nipponese and later other groups like Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese, among others, all faced discrimination from the dominate White group. When the Chinese first entered they were very hardworking and skilled while working on the transcontinental railroad but having not been in America long enough and having so many Chinese coming in their seemingly flawless work ethic was viewed as a threat by their associate degree White workers.After the Chinese censure Act was put into action in 1882, Nipponese immigrants began to make their way into America but the same thing happened to them. Their advanced skills in tillage were considered a threat to the Whites. They were taking t heir jobs and since farmland is not something that goes away, the Japanese were able to establish themselves a little better than the Chinese (Butler-Sweet, 2011, Nov. 28). The manner in which the group entered into the United States is the reason why their history is so important to their formation of a positive Asian American identify.The entrance of the heterogeneous Asian groups into the United States and the acceptance of them were bound to be a while difficult. The size of the group was large enough to be considered a threat to the dominant white group and because they had a tendency to settle down together, making it difficult for them to assimilate into American culture. The second wave of Asian Immigration is a part of present day America and this idea of being threatened by the skillfulness of Asians is still something that the dominant group feels and makes a point to mention often.In the first wave of immigration, the Chinese and Japanese succeeded because the work the y found in the United States involved the use of skills they had already cultivated in their specific countries and so the excelled. Here in this second wave it is the same thing whatever the Asian group is skilful at in their places of origin are the skills they will take with them when immigrating and that is why this idea of the Model Minority Myth has been created (Monk, 1996, p. 31).Asian Americans ability to succeed so effortlessly it seems, in large part can be attributed to the fact that much like the dominant White group, Asian Americans have the ability to assert their specific ethnicities. Similar to Black Americans, Asian Americans have an assigned race when it comes to their ethnicities, which hold more value to them than their race, it is of greater significance to how they identify. However, non-Asian groups tend to lump every Asian ethnicity on a lower floor one Pan Asian label but Asian Americans refuse to accept this (Kibria, 2002, p.73-74).Instead of agreeing wi th the reflection they see from other people about their race, as mentioned previously in regards to Cooleys Looking Glass Self, Asian Americans place a great amount of emphasis on their specific country of origin and its traditions and cultures in order to define themselves. In the first wave of immigration, Asian Americans would settle in closely knit communities with their specific ethnic group in those communities, they would all help each other out making it easier to survive in America.Even today, there are large communities of Asian Americans who choose to live close to each other to keep that sense of having a culture and traditions that separate them from everyone else. Having these tightly knit communities makes it easier for Asian Americans to succeed because they have a constant conduct group and people to fall back on if they need it (Monk, 1996, p. 37-38). Being in such constant close contact with those who share your culture background and infuse it into daily life d efinitely helps with forming a positive Asian American identity, regardless of outside influences.Some of the dominant White group believes that if given the chance, over time Asian Americans could have the likely to fully assimilate to American culture and become ultimately white. This idea of racial ethnogenesis is that the later generations of Asian Americans as well as influent groups of Asians will simply begin to blend into American culture to the point that they will just embrace the racial category they have been placed in and forget about their ethnic background (Kibria , 2002, p. 14).What would this do for the identity construction of Asian Americans? Would their full assimilation into American culture rattling repair their quality of life anymore? The identity construction of Asian Americans would be so unlike every other identity if they simply assimilated completely into American culture. Letting go of cultural ties and accepting the general name for people of your same race will not improve the quality of life significantly because their race is still visible. Again, culture is a choice, race is not.Although Asian Americans are capable of choosing their ethnic identity and asserting it like the White ethnics, they also share the disadvantage of being assigned to their race like Black Americans because their race like Blacks is very visible. Since their race is visible it creates this aspect of constraint which makes it difficult for people to not see your race and therefore puts limits on how people will treat you or what jobs you can attain. Regardless of the success Asian Americans have in academics and achieving higher paying jobs, there is still a glass ceiling they have to deal with (Monk, 1996, p. 42).The visibility of their race keeps them from being hired as corporate CEOs or being in leadership positions in general. Excelling most usually in mathematics and sciences often places Asian Americans in behind the scenes type of work tha t pays well but does not require them to be out in the open as public figures in the corporation. The added factor of an stress for more recent immigrants can also serve as spare restriction to entering into the higher echelons of business (Monk, 1996, p. 43). The positive connotations that come with being Asian American as well as the negative can have an adverse affect in identity construction.Being considered to be a Model Minority definitely can create some hostility especially for second and third generation Asian Americans. When non-Asians assume that you get As in school and that you are inherently good at mathematics it becomes a burden (Kibria, 2002, p. 87). Just the same, negative stereotypes about the foods that different Asian American cultures eat or assuming that because certain physical features are similar among the different ethnic groups, they are all the same, can create negative feelings about being Asian American and that is not good for the development of a h ealthy ethnic or racial identity.The saying Asian Invasion (Monk, 1996, p. 44) is very common I personally even have used it in joke and so have some of my Asian friends I assumed that its use was okay. Generally, my second generation Asian friends will use this term when talk about either the Asian students who are studying abroad on campus, or in regards to first generation Asian Americans. This makes me wonder if my friends have assimilated enough into the dominant white culture that they no longer can see themselves associating with the incoming Asians.It is hard to determine whether the statement is meant as a joke or a commentary against ethnic Asians. Conclusion Having explained the different forms of identity construction through the examples of White ethnics, Black Americans and Asian Americans it has been made clear that identity construction cannot be viewed the same for a ethnicities and races. White ethnic identity comes in many different shapes sizes and forms rangin g from symbolic, non-exisistent, or thinly asserted to a large part of how one identifies or thickly asserted.The option to pick and chose which part of your heritage you prefer over another or not at all is how white ethnics construct their identities. The majority of white ethnics who choose the route of symbolic ethnicity opposed to asserting either thinly or thickly a certain ethnicity is often because the dominant American culture has become of greater value to their identity than anything else and choosing an ethnic symbol to place on themselves is what will separate them from the rest of their fellow white ethnics or bring them closer to someone who holds the same ethnic symbol.Just the same, the constant pressures placed on Black Americans to play seven-fold roles are a difficult task. Shaping a positive identity of any kind is difficult but to shape a positive Black identity in America holds a certain amount of extra weight to it. Black Americans struggle trying to advance themselves because of the constant racial stereotypes reverberating in the background. If you do manage to elevate into the higher ranks of American life your racial loyalty will then be questioned.Is it possible that over time these stereotypes will dissipate or is there a reason they are kept alive? The unique combination of both ethnic choice and racial constraint makes Asian American identity construction the most interesting form of identity construction so far. Since the first wave of immigration into the second one, Asian Americans have dealt with a slew of racial injustices in America but they have also gained a great deal of merit mostly for being the ideal so to speak.Being hard workers and keeping close ethnic ties have made Asian Americans competition for White ethnics. In the future, whether or not they will completely assimilate or not is soi-disant and what toll it will take on their identity construction. Having the option to choose a part of your identity which no one can see will never outweigh your racial assignment. What is it, or is it possible to have a truly positive White ethnic or Black or Asian racial identity in America? The constant changes in society make it impossible to know.