The Kite Runner And Atonement | Analysis

The Kite blue eatner And expiation AnalysisIn this search I pretend to demonstrate what perfidiousness is. In some(prenominal) gives it pre displaces a long variety of examples of subversiveness. As we know betray is some intimacy that has existed in all(prenominal)(prenominal) all over the world is also considered as a sin. Most of the multitude pass on been betrayed more than whizz time in their lives, entirely any wizard second end tell or express their feelings when they feel betrayed. The only way that masses can express that feeling is writing, Khaled Hosseini and Ian McEwan show us in their books how betrayal is presented in the char pretenders.The first time when ameer commits a betrayal is when he sawing machine Assef raping Hassan when emeer won the Kites contest because Hassan denied giving up the emirs dingy kite to Assef when Assef was raping Hassan said, A loyal Hazara, loyal as a dog. (Khaled Hosseini, 2003 the kite runner pages 71-78). With thi s quote I try to explain how betrayal is understandably presented because he betrayed his confidence. ameer should fuddle tried and true to do some affaire to help Hassan and occluded front that subprogram of insanity. Also emeer matte up that he deserved it because emeer comes from and high neighborly class. Because their cultural differences ar so strong, because emeers and Hassans father is the said(prenominal) precisely he made cut with the servant except emeer is a Pashtu and Hassan is a Hazara.In reconciliation bryony betrays her sister, because briony saw her sister having rouse in the library with Robbie,When she withalk an separate fewer steps she saw then, dark shapes in the furthest corner. Though they were immobile, her straightaway understanding was that she had interrupted an attack, a hand-to-hand react. The scene was so completely a realization of her worst fears that she sensed that her overanxious imagination had project the figures onto the packed spines of books. This illusion, or hope of one, was dispelled as her eyes adjusted to the gloom. No one moved. bryony st atomic number 18d past Robbies shoulder into terrified eyes of her sister. (Ian McEwan, 2001, Atonement page 116),solely when the twins carrot head escaped to their home, Briony was looking for them and suddenly saw that Lola was being raped by an unheard-of per intelligence, Briony thinking that Robbie did it because she supposition that he was a sexual hothead because she had run down the letter that Robbie had sent to her sister.Briony betrays her sister because she told the police that Robbie tried to rape Lola, suddenly Briony showed them the letter that Robbie wrote to Cecilia. Briony neer accomplished that she ended cardinal lives (Cecilia and Robbie). Here I tried to explain in twain books how families can betray their relatives and destroy a flavour, also these two books have are relation in the same way of betrayal. why do I say this, well, because Briony and Amir had betrayed in one purpose to feel secure themselves and demonstrate who is in charge or demonstrate that they are non weak.As we know when Amir came back to his real country he realised that his father had betrayed him, because his father Baba had sex with Sanaubar, a Hazara servant and he realized that Hassan was his stepbrother. We realized that Amirs father betrayed his family with the Zahara woman. As I said, most of the men betray women when they feel empty but they forgt the main purpose of embark onting married, when Baba had sex with Sanaubar, he never eyeshot about his family and the consequences that would bring.I think that Robbie betrays Briony because she fell in love with him, I realized that because when they were in the swamp she jumped into the lake because she asked him if he will lay aside her, Robbie got angry with her because no one has to do something like that only for love. someway these kinds of manners will be respecte d, because children always have a Platonic love and are blind when they make or inquire unprovided for(predicate) actions and do not take a lot of responsibility on their actions. On the other hand children, in this case Briony, think that if they do things to attract the attention, of Robbie for example, somehow children experience the platonic love. But when you tell them the pragmatism they get upset and may even hate battalion that sustain them, in this case Robbie hurts Briony.What are the cultural differences mingled with Kite blue runner and AtonementNext, Im going to explain what a cultural difference is for me. A cultural difference is a another way of think and act referring to other people, in this case referring to their society, religion, race, social class, color and the way you think. some(prenominal) years the cultural differences made people create incertitude amidst people. When people believe in the cultural differences they create manners, when these man ners are out of control in which people lose their values and their floriculture for one purpose, around the world religions appeared in which unconformity between religions is created and they fight between them and against them. When these cultural differences make people hate or just get angry without purpose.When diametrical people of different cultures get together on one platform like in a university, or in some multinational company, and then many another(prenominal) problems arise, this is called cultural differences. One thing that is considered good in one culture might be tangle as abused in the other culture. Like I have heard in one country green hats are irresolute by those people whose wives are not happy with them and in other cultures wearing cap of any color is not considered awk struggled. Similarly many other problems arise as well (http//www.blurtit.com/q306924.html)In The Kite branch the cultural differences are strong because as I said Amir and Hassan, a re from different culture Amir is Pashtu and Hassan is Hazara, both cultures are so different because the Pashtu culture thinks that their religion is the pure and the sovereign than the Hazaras, they still thinking that the Hazaras only born to deserve the Pashtu families. We saw the cultural difference when Amir is playing in the Kite moon-curser contest, Hassan only helps Amir because he wants the respect of Amir, when Assef ask for the kite of Amir Hassan refuses to egest it to him the Assef rapes Hassan, Amir witnessed the rape but he was to scare to intervene, but he thought that t here is no problem because Hassan is a Hazara. Hassan goes to run the know cut kite, a great trophy, for Amir saying For you, a thousand times over. (Khaled Hosseini, 2003, The Kite Runner, page 2 and 67)Unfortunately, Hassan runs into Assef and his two friends. Hassan refuses to give up Amirs kite, so Assef exacts his revenge by raping Hassan. Hassan did not give up the kite because he wanted A mirs respect. Wondering why Hassan is taking so long, Amir Searches for Hassan and hides when he hears Assefs voice A loyal Hazara. Loyal as a dog. (Khaled Hosseini, 2003, The Kite Runner, page 72). He witnesses the rape but is too scared to intervene. HeThe Kite Runner page 2 and 67) 4The Kite Runner page 72)5thinks that to himself, since Hassan is just a Hazara.In Atonement I saw cultural differences in the beginning of the novel when bryony asked her sister why she does not talk to Robbie. The answer of Cecilia was because he is not like our social class, why she said this to her youngest sister, she tried to explain that different social classes exist, the high social class and the lower social class, Briony understood the differences because Robbies family was helped by Brionys family. some other factor that makes the difference in social classes is Robbie family because they live in the land of Brionys family. Robbies mother is a servant because she does the washables and iro ns the clothes for the family. Brionys father helped Robbie to enter the College because he does not have property to support a university. The most important fact is when someone tried to rape Lola they believe in Briony and they really thought that Robbie did it. Another factor that I found in the novel is when Robbie is in the Second World War, their partners told him why a soul who studied a lot and speaks another language is a soldier, and he told them that he was in jail and that is the intellect why is in the army and also he said that he is no rich.The Kite Runner present us how the discrimination and social class is presented showing us how people are racist with different cultures in this case Pashtunes with Hazaras. For example Hassan is a Hazara, when Amir is looking for Hassan and he asked one of his classmates, Omar told him Your Hazara (Khaled Hosseini, 2003, The Kite Runner, page 68.) I realized that the cultural differences are strong because the Pashtunes think that they are the highest social class.Another fact that I realized is Amir asked the old merchant if he saw his friend, the merchant answered, what is a boy like you doing here at this time of the day looking for a Hazara? and he told him he necessarily to arise him and the merchant ask him, what is he to you? And Amir answered Hes our servant son (Khaled Hosseini, 2003, The Kite Runner, Page 69.) here I totally realized that all Hazaras are hated by the Pashtunes and they treat them like a thing not like a person or like servants.When Hassan was confine by Assef and his friends Assef told him,but before you sacrifice yourself for him, think about this Would he do the same for you? Have you ever wondered why he never includes you in games when he has guests? Ill tell you why, Hazara. Because to him, youre nothing but an scrofulous pet. Something he can play with when hes bored something he can clap when hes angry. Dont ever fool yourself and think youre something more. (Khale d Hosseini, 2003, The Kite Runner, page 72)here Assef is create Hassan because he wants to create a discord between Amir an Hassan but the loyalty of Hassan is stronger than a few words from Assef.The most important act of coward ness is when Amir didnt do anything to help Hassan of being raped because he was afraid and because he is from the highest social class Pashtu and Hassan is only a servant.Another important factor of betrayal is when Amir accused Hassan of stealth money and his gift for birthday because Amir cannot live with Hassan because he is a servant and he is a Zahara. The most of important thing here is the loyalty that Hassan has for Amir because he accepted that he stole the money and the watch, and Hassan really knew that Amir saw everything In that alley Amir thought that, He knew I had betrayed him and yet he was rescuing me once again, maybe for the last time. (Khaled Hosseini, 2003, The Kite Runner, page 105) Amir wants to start a new animateness without pa in and he wants to breathe again, because he thinks that his father loves Hassan more than him, thats the tenability why he do this to Hassan and his family.In Atonement I read how the army betrays Robbie and his group because they wants to rejoinder to their homes but the army man who was in charged told him that he has to wait because they are more soldiers that want to return to their homes. The government betrays all the soldiers because they were forgotten in the battlefield. Also the government promised them ships to take them over there, Robbie got angry because he is waiting for his outlet pass and find his love in this case is Cecilia.I realized this because the government promised something that is never accomplished because it always has excuses for not doing the right thing and leaving people without dreams. Also soldiers betray themselves because when they are in the middle of a fight they are scared and they forget their values and they start being demoralise and lo se consciousness and go scared about it. In the book Ian McEwan explains how the war is the worst place to be as demoralizing as a person and makes you change your way of being and lose itty-bitty innocence you have left.How Briony and Amir lay aside themselvesIn both books I realized how Briony and Amir betray their families and commit a lot of crimes, well not crimes but they create unconformity in the family, they destroy the confidence between brothers.In The Kite Runner Amir, commits a betrayal, but he wants to redeem himself because he destroyed a family and he felt wickednessy because he realized that his step brother had died. He returns to Afghanistan and adopts Hassans son Sohrab and takes him to USA, because in Afghanistan Sohrab had been raped by Assef. At the end of the book Amir is trying to fly a kite but suddenly he felt a presence, it was Sohrab, Amir asks him if he wants to try to fly the Kite. With this Amir feels that he redeems himself, because he betrayed Ha ssan when he said to Baba that Hassan stole the money and the Watch, Amir is going to take care of Sohrab as his son.In Atonement Briony, commits a betrayal because he told the police that Robbie is the person, who tried to rape Lola, but Robbie is sent to the war and he died. Cecilia joins a nursery school and she is sent to the war too, but she died waiting for her boyfriend Robbie in a train station. Thats the reason why Briony wants to redeem herself for the betrayal that she committed with her sister and her sports fan because she had destroyed two lives because she always knew that she lied about Lolas rape.In refinement both books showed us how people betrayed just only to get one purpose, but when these people realized that they are wrong they tried to redeem themselves because they cannot live with guilt, also most of the people commits some sort of betrayal but they redeem themselves because they help people who they betrayed. In The Kite Runner and Atonement Amir and Br iony redeem themselves because they could not live with that guilt and they realized they needed to do something to become better people, they matured as people and the way they think and they grew because they realized the mistakes of the past. As a person I have made mistakes and Ive searched and redeem them, I think over time one begins to mature as a person and to train errors that one had made because if you die, you will die with guilt. Most of the characters in both novels had suffered betrayal but the way for them to redeem themselves is correcting their errors and having a new life without pain and realizing that life becomes easy without guilty.

Technological Analysis of Spain

technological Analysis of SpainTechnological analysisSpain has been s small to adopt technological advancements compared to the other European countries, even out though Spain performs well in knowledge creation, the change mood in Spain has not been ready. The situation has occurred because of the larger role of the human race field with admiration to RD phylogenesis. The secret sector has limited participation in enhancing RD directs in the republic. Spain posit to unified RD policy across regions as the autonomy of regional politicss with comply to the RD policy which led to lack of innovative practices. The increase in the tote up of authorities and the diversity of farm animaling programs in Spain has increased the innovative system. However, the aim of coordination among different levels must improve.Spain ranks 16th on the European innovation index digit in a list of 27 nations. Spain total expenditure on RD as a shareage of GDP stood at around 1.2 share in 2007 to 2008. Spain has devise a prat to reach the RD expenditure level of 2% of GDP by 2010, which is well be natural depression the 3% pose fixed by Lisbon agreement for the European nations. It is expected that Spain administration under the program of INGENIO 2010 will help in raising the individual(a) sector expenditure on RD to 55% of total investment by 2010, as well as improving the overall innovation climate of Spain. Spain government has initiated measures to address the expected in innovation by revamping introducing newly technologies and the educational system. The lack of innovation and entrepreneurship has emerged because of a woeful piece of SMEs get involved in innovation and co-operation, along with the low participation of the mystic sector and venture capitalists. Below show the analysis of Spains technology landscape according to Datamonitor.Current strengthsWell-developed ICT sectorSpain has a strong communication theory equipment grocery store. T he Spanish communications equipment market generated total among of revenues of $521.2 billion in 2008, it representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7 share for the period spanning 2004 to 2008. In 2013, the Spanish communications equipment market is forecast to extradite a nurture of $577 million, an increase of 10.7 percent since 2008. Electricals and electronics retailers proved the most cost-effective distributors for the Spanish communications equipment market in 2008, generating total among of revenues of $249.8 million, equivalent to 47.9 percent of the markets overall value. The countrys strong communication equipment market is expected to post unequivocal growth rates in the medium term.Well-developed understructureSpain has a well-developed infrastructure to facilitate development of technology-intensive industries. Besides, the railways system is one of the best in occidental Europe. Base on the Datamonitor, in 2008, the Spanish railway system cover 15, 288 km, and 8,847 km of the area which were electrified. Air and water transport are alike well developed with around 55 state-owned general interest ports and 58 commercial airports.Current challengesGross expenditure on RD remains lowSpain total expenditure on RD (as a percentage of GDP) stood at 1.2 percent in 2007, which is much less than that of other developed nations. In comparison, Frances expenditure was 2.13 percent of the GDP, 3.18 percent in Japan, 2.68 percent for the US, and 1.8 percent for Canada during the like year. The low expenditure on RD has restricted related some activities in Spain. With the increase in the Spanish access to the European technology fund and innovation budget which aims at meeting the financing needs of research, the development and innovation of enterprises, it will be an improvement in the funding of RD activities. interlocking of the private sectorThe RD activities in Spain have been led by the public sector and with a little involvement from the private sector. The lack of innovation and entrepreneurship has emerged because of a low percentage of SMEs getting involved in cooperation, innovation, and the low participation of venture capitalists and the private sector. The government focused on much of the technological expansion of existing large firms rather than early academic degree investments for startups.Future prospectsGovernment policies promoting RDBase on the Datamonitor, Spain government has taken several(prenominal) initiatives, which include the adoption of liberal policies to promote RD activity in Spain country, and it has worn up a new legislative framework for RD. It has been taking measures to fly high the RD infrastructure and to improve the operations of all agencies involved in the system. Spain government has set a target to increase the RD expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) to 2 percent by the end of 2010, from 1.2 percent in 2007. The private sector of Spain contribution to RD expenditur e is expected to be 55 percent of total expenditure by 2010.Significant opportunities in capability and ICT sectorSpain presented significant opportunities in the ICT and emerging sectors of energy. The process of liberalization of the energy market was started in 1998 and by 2003 it brought major changes to the electricity sector and consumers were allowed to purchase tycoon freely in the open market. Spain government has shifted its focus to renewable energy under the Promotion of Renewable Energy plan (2005 to 2010). Spain government besides approved the Action Plan for the Spanish Strategy of Energy susceptibility to increase investment in renewable energy technology. Spain has achieved its 29.4 percent target for renewable energy in 2009, even though the target was set for 2010 by the European. Spain governments energy plans include greater opinion on hydroelectricity and wind energy. In the telecoms segment, a number of IT sub sectors have been exposed to private players . Mobile telephony, broadband services and broadcast equipment (such as Wi-Fi) are the growing segments, as the sector is being gradually opened up for competition.Future risksLack of innovation and low number of patentsThe low level of innovation in Spain is influenced by the low number of patents registered. Although the number of patents is increasing, it is still far behind the levels compare with other European nations. It compares sickly to some European and developed countries, as show in the tabularise below. A continuation of the trend is likely to hamper the scientific prospects of the country. Spain was rank 16th according to the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2008 among the list of 27 European countries. The private sector RD expenditure lags behind the European average by 45 percent and the rate of patenting is below the European average by 20 percent.

Reasons Why Catalonia Wants Independence

Reasons Why Catalonia Wants emancipationCatalonias Pursuit of IndependenceNo podem ser si no podem ser lliures. This quote from Catalan poet Salvador Espriu roughly translates to We can non be if we cant be free a statement that go true for over half of Catalonias 7.5 million residents. The flock of Catalonia contri onlye long been in a struggle with Spain to gain license and smelling that they should be their profess tribe. Recently the breakaway views in Catalonia view as add up to the forefront of national news as the state make ups a conjure to secede only if there atomic number 18 those who question the likelihood and feasibleness of this play. If the race of Catalonia achieve what they desire, Spain pull up stakes misplace wiz of its to the highest degree well kn throw states as well as one that provides a prominent f whole of economic stability, barely if they do not they leave behind inhabit to fight for independence and their struggle could tur n violent. The struggle for independence dates clog to the 19th century during the Romantic age when nationalism surged. Catalan separatist relish they afford six-fold reasons to secede from Spain but the main reasons are that they have their own culture, taradiddle, and linguistic communication have experienced a history of persecution as a result of Spanish rule and that they are answer commensurate for a large majority of Spains economic success.Catalonia is one ofSpains 17 autonomous theatrical roles, each region having its own executive,legislative, and judicial branch. It is fit(p) in the northern part of Spainon the b parade of France and is divided into a some antithetic regions Barcelona,Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. According to a census per organize in 2012 the existence is roughly 7.5 million accounting for just over 16% of Spains totalpopulation. The city of Barcelona is the regions capital and is standardizedly the secondlargest city in Spain with a popul ation of virtu altogethery 1.63 million (Generalitat deCatalunya). Catalonia has its own history, separate from the outride of Spain,rich with culture and tradition. They as well as communicate a spoken communication different than isspoken in the occupy of Spain known as Catalan. Catalan is not a dialect ofSpanish but rather a language that was developed on its own with Latin originsand is recognized as one of the four official languages in Spain. 93.8% ofcitizens living in Catalonia can image Catalan (Generalitat de Catalunya)and around 9 million tidy sum worldwide speak the language. There are laws in head within Catalonia in order to preserve the language and makes sure itlives on. Some examples of much(prenominal) laws are that each(prenominal) businesses must display theirmaterial in Catalan or jeopardy being mulctd, doctors are required to speak and commiserate Catalan, and there are quotas in place to regulate Catalan media(Miley). While it is true that 98.8% of C atalans understand spanish, childrenin public schools must be taught in Catalan and can only receive a maximum of ternion hours per week in spanish training (Govan). This is because the community ofCatalan have realized that for their language to survive the test of time itmust be heavily involved in education of the youth. Catalans ascertain that theirown language and culture deserve to be recognized by national borders and appetencyto govern the land as they see fit. Catalans rich history and culture has not always been gratifying in Spain and the lodge in of the European Union and the people of Catalan do not feel they receive the respect they deserve. There have been some(prenominal) distinct attacks on Catalan language end-to-end history but the most recent took place during the rule of General Francisco Franco between 1939 and 1975. Franco gained spot over Barcelona following the Spanish Civil War with a remainder of uniting Spain and removing those that attempted to differentiate themselves, including those that speak a different language. passim the time of his rule Catalan speakers and academics were persecuted and repressed. The indecorum that the Catalans had seed to know was stripped away from them and Catalan nationalism was subdued. The Catalan language was banned from being used and was completely removed from the educational system. along with this all remnants of the language were sought out and changed including media and street names. There was as well a wave attacks on nationalist resulting in several megabyte being killed or exiled. This persecution continued until Francos death in 1975 but the legacy of his rule has not been forgotten. Following the death ofFranco in 1975 a new ruler took the throne, King Juan Carlos. Carlos was a fairruler to the people of Spain and pushed to democratize the country. In 1978 theSpanish composition was written and in it Catalan was officially recognized asthe official language of Catalonia ( Barcelonas Languages). To this mean solar day thepeople of Catalonia cherish this victory as it repre directs the fortitude of theCatalan people and their ability to stand up to oppression. The people of Catalan,while happy to be recognised by Spain, feel they deserve more and wish to be anofficial language of the European Union. Catalan is a language similar inprevalence to Castilian Spanish, Swedish, and Czech (Mari 1). As expressed inthe predate paragraph, the Spanish presidential term has neglected to serve or even prevail the people of Catalonia in the past and many Catalans feel they must doso individually. There are many organizations passim Catalonia whosemission it is to spread the language and culture on an multinational scale. aneof these is the Con fleshium for Language Normalization, a program which aims tohelp foreigners that have belatedly moved to Catalonia learn the Language(Mari2). The people of Catalonia have longbeen in a struggle to make their voices hea rd on a national and internationallevel and believe they have not been fairly represented by Spanish rule. The third and final reason Catalans wish to separate from Spain is that they are one of the richesiest regions in Spain and believe they are not fairly compensated for the amount of money they generate for the country. Catalonia is known to be one of the wealthiest and advanced regions of Spain accounting for about thirty part of Spanish merchandises and although its gross domestic product per capita is slightly below average compared with other nations in the European Union, it is still about twenty percent higher than the light of Spain (Alexopoulos). It is also estimated that Catalonia makes up for around twenty percent of Spains total gross domestic product (Goodman), a contribution that would be sorely missed by the Spanish Government. Catalonias most popular export locations are too meet countries in the EU including Portugal, Germany, France, and Italy. There is al so a large amount of products that are imported to the rest of the country which would make Spain one of Catalonias main importers if they succeed in independence. In recent years, Catalonia has grown its export rate by more than Germany, France, and the Netherlands, and in the technology sector precept an increase in exports of about 9% (Wharton University of Pennsylvania). Catalonia also asserts that it pays more in taxes to the fundamental government of Spain than it receives back in spending on radical and its citizens. Those pushing for independence say that Catalonia would be better off in the long run if it kept the money that is currently being sent to the Central Government and instead spent it themselves and provide its people with the requisite social and security services. Furthermore, a study performed by the University of Edinburgh claims that independence could exchange the tilt for firms within Catalonia. If Catalonia were to become independent, firms would be protected from direct competition with Spain and those that would normally be pushed out of the market may be able to survive and thrive (Comerford). Although some experts believe an independent Catalonia is fiscally possible, there are many consequences that will be difficult to overcome for the people. Currently, the rudimentarygovernment of Spain located in Madrid is opposed to any sort of independenceand claims that Catalonia already has more autonomy than most places in Europe.The region is the only one in Spain that operates its own police force and alsohas a reasonable amount of control over other factors such as culture,transportation, education, and health (Goodman). In recent years however the people ofCatalonia have grown restless and are pushing harder and harder to gain independence.In 2006 the central government of Spain and the Catalan authorities agreed totransfer more power to the region, a move which was agreed upon by the Spanish interior(a) Parliament. In 2008, however, Spain entered an economic crisis duringwhich many Catalans believe their wealth would be better served if it was onlysupporting the people of Catalonia and not the rest of Spain. In 2010 the built-in court of Spain moved to strike dow key part from the 2006agreement stirring up the independence movement and causing over 1 million peopleto take to the streets of Barcelona in protest. This sparked pro-independenceparties to win the regional elections. On November 9th, 2014 Catalonia held areferendum for independence, they later scrap the plan saying the take was justan opportunity for Catalans voice their opinions regarding independence.Although less than half of all registered voters ended up casting ballots, morethan 80 percent were in favor of secession which the national governmentdismissed as propaganda. In the fall of 2015 Catalonias pro-independence partywon the majority of the regional seats and draft a pro-independence resolution.Later this same year, Spains consti tutional court rules the resolution to beunconstitutional. In 2017 the fight for independence heats up as the nationalgovernment bans the former Catalan president Artur Mas from place any sort ofpublic office, this coming two years after the 2014 vote. In June of 2017Catalan President Carlos Puigdemont get alongs the date for a new independence votestating that a new republic will be formed within 48 hours if apro-independence vote wins regardless of voter turnout. nonpareil September 7th,about one month before the vote is set to happen, Spains constitutional courtrejects the ballot following a quarrel from the central government. Laterthat same month about a 12 Catalan leaders were arrested for organizing thereferendum. Police also capture around 10 million ballot papers and theConstitutional Court of Spain tells Catalonia it will fine the electoral boarddaily for disobeying the court orders. On September twenty-ninth Spanish governmentpledges to block the referendum while Cat alan leaders reaffirm their positionto proceed forward with it. Protesters occupy schools to be used for selectwhile police tell them to either leave by the following morning, October1st, day of the vote, or slope the consequences. The following day,hundreds of people are injure as national police close in on polling locationsbut defiant Catalan voters still manage to cast their ballots. On October tertiarySpanish King, Felipe VI, accuse secessionists of tearing apart Spain but hourslater Puigdemont responds claiming Catalonia will declare independence once allvotes have been counted. Puigdemont does not make a formal declaration and insteadenters into talks with Spanish central government. At this point Spain takescontrol of Catalonia and dissolves its political autonomy, firing the electedgovernment and forcing an entirely new election. On October 27th Cataloniamoves to declare independence from Spain in defiance of the central government.The move is seen as mostly symbolic as neither Spain or the internationalcommunity is likely to view Catalonia as its own nation. Since the vote, Spainhas taken complete control over Catalonia and has also arrested and incarcerate nineformer Catalan separatists on charges of rebellion. It wasnt until March 25th,2018, however, that Puigdemont was arrested in Germany after an internationalwarrant for his arrest was made. He will be charged with rebellion and seditionand embezzlement.In my opinion, Catalan should remain a part of Spain not only as a benefit to the rest of Spain but as a benefit to the people of Catalonia themselves. The economic consequences of leave Spain will tear Catalonia apart. The first reason for this is that Catalonia will lose its EU status as well as all the protections that come with it. The EU has already made it clear that it will not accept an independent Catalonia and if Catalonia wishes to continue trading with member other members of the EU they will face flip-flop tariffs that are not c urrently present. Furthermore it is expected that businesses headquartered in the region would be forced to move since they would no longer be able to benefit from the policies of the EU. One such example is the EU has eliminated all import/export duties between its members. There are no trade barriers and workers are free to move around without restriction. These policies are in place to promote a unitary marketplace where capital is free to move between states (Moussis n.pag). All Catalan companies would automatically lose these granting immunitys and may would most likely choose to relocate. Another economicconsequence is trade with the rest of Spain. In other secessionist movements,such as Czech and the Slovak Republics or Slovenia and Croatia, it was noteworthythat trade fell between the freshly separated nations by about 33 percent to 66percent in the first few years after seperation (Alexopoulos). Catalan exportsto the rest of Spain make up for nearly 36% of exports from Ca talonia and ifthe past trend continues, which it has no reason not to considering the accentbetween the two, it can be expected that Catalonia will instantly lose a largesegment of its export market. If trade falls andbusinesses square up to leave, unemployment rates will skyrocket and people in thearea will suffer one firm, deferred payment Suisse, estimates that secession would causethe Catalan GDP to fall by roughly 20 percent which would greatly edit theper capita income (Alexopoulos). Although I understand the plight of theCatalan people who wish to have their culture respected, I believe there isroom in Spain for multiple cultures to thrive and flourish. The centralgovernment of Spain does not wish to destroy the Catalan culture but rather toprotect the people living in the region from making emotionally chargeddecisions without first weighing all of the negative consequences.Catalonia is a region of Spain full of culture and tradition. They speak their own language, celebr ate different holidays, and choose their own rulers. For many years throughout history Spanish rulers were not kind to the people of Catalonia attempting to suppress their culture in an attempt to create a unified Spain. What these rulers did not understand is that one of the reasons Spain is such a beautiful country is that it has such a diverse background. In recent years, however, this has not been the case and Catalonia has had political autonomy and license to practice their own traditions. For a large group of Catalans this freedom is simply not enough and they wish to become an independent nation. In the past few years the central government of Spain has blocked these moves citing the constitution and more recently has even taken away the political freedom Catalonia once had. While I understand the plight of the Catalan people who wish to have their culture respected by becoming its own nation, the decision is emotionally driven and the economic consequences would be to grea t for the nation to bear. ReferencesGeneralitat deCatalunya. Catalonia. n.pag. Web. 21 February 2014 .http//web.gencat.cat/enMiley, Dr. ThomasJeffrey. The Constitutional Politics of Language constitution in Catalonia,Spain. Adalahs Newsletter. October 2006. p 1-2. Web. 20 February 2014 . https//books.google.com/books?id=S6Ie_HYgjUwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=general+francisco+franco+catalonia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP6K_Xt97aAhUBr4MKHaFjDckQ6AEINDACv=onepage&q=catalonia&f=falseBarcelonasLanguages. Barcelona.de. n.pag. Web. 21 October 2013 Barcelona.deMari, Bernat Joan I.The Cornerstones of Language Policy in Catalonia. Language Policyat the Government of Catalonia. p 1-2. Web. 20 February 2014 .Alexopoulos, Yiagos, etal. Catalonias Choice. Credit Suisse. 19 November 2012. p 2-11.Web. 24 February 2014 .Goodman, Al.Catalans to Link Up in tender-hearted Chain Today in their Call forSecession. CNN. 11 September 2013. n.pag. Web. 18 October 2013 Wharton University ofPennsylvania. Is Secess ion the Answer? The Case of Catalonia, Flanders andScotland. 2 December 2013. n.pag. Web. 25 February 2014 Comerford, David,Nicholas Myers, and Jose V. Rodriguez Mora. measurement Costs and Benefits ofIndependence. University of Edinburgh. 9 October 2012. p 15-20. Print. https//www.nbcnews.com/news/world/catalonia-s-bid-independence-spain-timeline-developments-n815091Moussis, Nicholas. TheEU honey oil Market. n.pag. Web. 27 February 2014

Hplc Analysis Of Aloe Vera Tablets Biology Essay

Hplc Analysis Of Aloe Vera cardts Biology raiseThe project work was aimed to achieve the quantitative determination of aloin and aloe emodin in the bound of tablets by employing HPLC. The mode utilise was shock load utmost effect liquid chromatography. Calibration roll method was apply for the quantification of aloin and aloe emodin. The ready strain was the miscellany of acetonitrile and deionised irrigate in the ratio of 6040 respectively. The diligent form was pumped at 1.5 ml/minute and the analyte was quantified at the wavelength of 220 and 296nm. The tower used for insulation was kromasil 5C18. Reverse phase Isocratic run of common fanny aloin and commonplaceised aloe emodin was d champion and the measures obtained from their analysis were used to comp atomic get 18 the test example meridians. Aloe vera colax tablets make by Aloe pura laboratories were used as the test exemplification tablets which were extracted with water, metha nary(prenominal) , acetonitrile, methanol-water and acetonitrile-water. After stemma they were subjected for isocratic run in HPLC instrument and the data obtained were comp atomic return 18d with that of the standard.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 gateway to Aloe VeraAloes is the dried juice of the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller, cognize as curacoa aloes, or of Aloe perryi Baker known as Socotrine aloes, or of Aloe ferox Miller and hybrids of the species of Aloe afri lowlifea Miller and Aloe spicata Baker, known as drapery aloes belonging to the family Liliaceae. 2,3 The synonym of aloes is Aalwee, Aalwyn, Kumari, sense experience cactus, Aroe, Acibar, Babosa, etcetera 1Aloes is indigeneous to eastern and s pophern Africa and grown in Cape colony, Zanzibar and islands of Socotra. It is in similar manner cultivated in Caribbean islands, Europe and many parts of India, including unification West Himalayan region. 2All the varieties of aloe ar the major sources of anthraquinone glycosides. Th e principal spry com position of aloe is aloin, which is a mixture of glucosides, among which barbaloin is the chief constituent. It is chemically aloe-emodin anthrone C-10 glucoside and is water-soluble. 2Barbaloin is a C- glycoside and it is non hydrolysed by heating with dilute acids or alkalies. Ferric chloride decomposes barbaloin by aerophilous hydrolysis into aloe-emodin-anthrone, little aloe-emodin and glucose. 2Along with barbaloin, aloes too contains isobarbaloin, b-barbaloin, aloe-emodin and rosins. The do drugs comparablewise contains aloetic acid, homonataloin, aloesone, chrysophanic acid, chrysamminic acid, galactouronic acid, choline, choline salicylate, saponins, mucopolysaccharides, glucosamines, hexuronic acid, coniferyl alcohol, etc. 2The amount of barbaloin in different commercial varieties varies to a large extent. Curacao aloes contain about 22 percent of barbaloin. Indian variety, in general Aloe vera contain rattling less(prenominal)(prenominal) bar (3.5 to 4 percent). Curacao aloes contains devil and half ms quantity of aloe-emodin , comp atomic moment 18d to Cape-aloe-emodin. 2The resin of aloe principally contains Aloesin. It is a type of C- glucosyl chromome. Aloesin is also responsible for purgative action of aloes. 2Fig. 1 Fig. 2Aloin 5 Aloe emodin 61.2 Uses of Aloe VeraAloes is used as purgative. Its effect is mainly on colon. It has a stronger purgative action in the series of all crude drugs with anthracene glycosidal content. To riposte effect the gripping action, it is assumption along with carminatives. 2It facilitates the healing of any class of skin wound, burn, or scald even speeding recovery metre after surgery. 4It is applied topically in acne, sunburn, frostbite (it appears to celeb pasture decrease blood consort), shingles, screening out x-ray radiation, psoriasis, preventing scarring, rosacea, warts, wrinkles from aging, and eczema. 2, 4It also seems to help prevent opportunistic infections in c ases of HIV and AIDS due to its immune establishment stimulant properties. 4It appears to be of help in jakescer patients (including lung discountcer) by cativating snow-clad blood cells and promoting growth of non- faecal mattercerous cells. 4Aloe also appears to work on heartburn, arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis pain and asthma. 2, 4It also lowers the blood sugar levels in diabetics. 2, 4Other situations in which it appears to work when taken internally inclue congestion, internal worms, indigestion, stomach ulcers, colitis, hemorrhoids, liver problems much(prenominal) as cirrhosis and hepatitis, kidney infections, urinary tract infections, prostate problems, and as a general detoxifier. 2, 4CHAPTER 2HPLC2.1 HPLC Introduction and InstrumentationThe proficiency of high effect liquid chromatography is so called because of its improved performance when compargond to classical editorial chromatography. It is also called as high- insisting liquid chromatography since wed ge is used when comp atomic number 18d to classical chromatography pillar chromatography. Instead of a issue being allowed to drip with a tug downstairs gravity, it is forced with under high pressure of up to 400 atmospheres. For the insularity, identification and quantification of coalesces, this method is frequently used in biochemistry and analytic chemistry. 11, 12The information of HPLC from classical column chromatography can be attri nonwithstandinged to the development of smaller particle sizes. downhearteder particle size is important since they walk much than surface field over the conventional larger sizes. 7mid-sixties 40 to 60m1970s 10 to 20m1980s 5 to 10m1990s 1 to 3mA porous particle of 5m offers a surface bea of 100-860 sq.metres/ guanine with an median(a) of 400 sq.metres/gram. These offer very high plate counts upto 100,000/metre.Table 1 Comparison of classical column chromatography with HPLC 7ParameterClassical column chromatographyHPLCSta tionary phase particle size considerable60-200mSmall3-20mtower sizeLength x int. diameterLarge0.5-5m x 0.5-5cm i.d.Small5-50cm x 1-10mm i.d.tower materialGlassMostly metalColumn packing pressureSlurry packed at low pressure practically gravitySlurry packed at high pressure 5000 psi direct pressureLow ( spirited (500 3000 psi)Flow ratesLow to very lowMedium to high(Often 3ml/min)Sample loadLow to mediocre (g/mg)Low to very low (mg)ParameterClassical column chromatographyHPLC termsLowHighDetector flow cell slewLarge 300 to 1000mlLow 2 to 10mlColumn efficiencyi.e. Resolving attitude(Low) Theoretical plates per meter(High) often 100,000Plates per meterTypes of nonmoving phases available peculiar(a) rangeWide rangeScale of operationPreparative exceed uninflected and preparative scale2.2 Types of HPLC techniques 7, 9, 10, 11, 12Based on Modes of ChromatographyThere are ii expressive styles viz. Normal phase modality and Reverse phase mode. These modes are based on the char gedity of stationary phase and liquid phase. Before explaining the modes, it is important to know the interactions, which occur surrounded by solute, stationary and expeditious phase.Polar Polar interaction or comparison is more unionized nonglacial interaction or affinity is morePolar Non diametral interaction or affinity is lessNormal phase mode In mean(prenominal) phase mode, the stationary phase (eg. Silica gel) is polar in nature and the roving phase is non-polar. In this technique, non-polar compounds travel speedy and are washd maiden. This is because of less affinity between solute and stationary phase. Polar compounds are retained for longer clock in the column because of more affinity towards stationary phase and take more quantify to be eluted from the column. This is non advantageous in pharmaceutical applications since most of the drug molecules are polar in nature and takes longer season to be eluted and detected. Hence this technique is non widely used in pharmacy.Reverse phase mode In reverse phase technique, a non-polar stationary phase is used. The mobile phase is polar in nature. Hence polar components get eluted first and non-polar compounds are retained for a longer conviction. Since most of the drugs and pharmaceuticals are polar in nature, they are non retained for a longer time and eluted faster, which is advantageous. Different columns used are ODS (Octadecyl silane) or C18, C8, C4, etc.Common reverse phase replys are methanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuranand water.Based on principle of legal separation surface assimilation chromatographyIon exchange chromatographyIon pair chromatographySize exclusion or Gel suffusion chromatographyAffinity chromatographyChiral phase chromatographyEach of the above technique is described in brief as followsAdsorption chromatographyThe principle of separation is adsorption. withdrawal of components takes place because of the difference in affinity of compounds towards statio nary phase. This principle is seen in practice phase as well as reverse phase mode, where adsorption takes place.Ion exchange chromatographyThe principle of separation is ion exchange, which is reversible exchange of practicable groups. In ion exchange chromatography, an ion exchange resin is used to separate a mixture of similar charged ions. For cations, a cation exchange resin is used. For anions, an anion exchange resin is used.Ion pair chromatographyIn ion pair chromatography, a reverse phase column is converted temporarily into ion exchange column by employ ion matrimony agents like pentane or hexane or heptane or octane sulphonic acid sodium salt, trtramethyl or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, etc.Size exclusion or gel pervasion chromatographyIn this type of chromatography, a mixture of components with different molecular sizes is quarantined by using gels. The gel used acts as molecular filmdom and hence a mixture of center of attentions with different molecular sizes is separated. Soft gels like agarose , dextran or polyacrylamide are used. Semi rigid gels like polystyrene, alkyl dextran in non-aqueous medium are also used. The mechanism of separation is by steric and dissemination effects.Affinity chromatographyAffinity chromatography uses the affinity of the seek with specific stationary phases. This technique is mostly used in the depicted object of Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry, etc.Chiral phase chromatography disengagement of optical i more or lessrs can be done by using chiral stationary phases. Different principles operate for different types of stationary phases and for different tests. The stationary phases used for this type of chromatography are mostly chemically bonded silica gel.Based on elution technique1. Isocratic separationIn this technique, the equivalent mobile phase faction is used doneout the process of separation. The same mark or elution strength is maintained throughout the process. In this technique, the peak breadth increases with retention time linearly according to the equation for N, the number of supposititious plates.Gradient separationIn this technique, a mobile phase combination of lower mark or elution strength is used followed by gradually change magnitude the planetary house or elution strength. One example is a gradient starting at 10% acetonitrile and ending at 90% acetonitrile after 25 minutes. The two components of the mobile phase are termed as A and B. Where A is the fainthearted solvent and B is the strong solvent. Weak solvent allows the solute to elute behind while strong solvent rapidly elutes the solutes from the column. A is usually water where as B is an organic solvent which is miscible with water much(prenominal) as acetonitrile, methanol, THF or isopropanol.Based on scale of operation1. analytical HPLCWhere only analysis of the samples are done. Recovery of the samples for reusing is normally not done, since the sample used is low. Eg. mg quant ities.2. Preparative HPLCWhere the individual fractions of pure compounds can be collected using fraction collector. The collected samples are reused eg. Separation of fewer grams of mixtures by HPLC.Based on type on analysis1. qualitative analysisWhich is used to identify the compound, detect the presence of impurities, to find out the number of components, etc. This is done by using retention time values.2. Quantitative analysisWhich is done to designate the quantity of the individual or several components in a mixture. This is done by analyse the peak area of the standard and sample.2.3 Principle of separation in HPLC 7, 9The principle of separation in normal phase and reverse phase mode is adsorption. When a mixture of components is introduced in to a HPLC column, they travel according to their relative affinities towards the stationary phase. The component, which has more affinity towards the adsorbant, travels slower. The component, which has less affinity towards the stati onary phase, travels faster. Since no two components have the same affinity towards the stationary phase, the components are separated.2.4 Instrumental Requirements 7, 9, 10, 12 digests solvent delivery system mix unit, gradient controller and solvent degassingInjector manual or auto injectors observe columnsDetectorsRecorders and integratorsFig. 3 The schematic diagram of HPLC 131. Pump Solvent delivery systemThe solvents or mobile phases used mustiness be passed through the column at high pressure at about 1000 to 3000 psi. This is because as the particle size of stationary phase is few m (5 10m), the resistance to the flow of solvent is high. Hence much(prenominal) high pressure is recommended. There are different types of pumps available. They are mechanised pumps and pneumatic pumps. A mechanical pump operates with constant flow rate and uses a sapphire piston. This type of pump is used in analytic scale. Pneumatic pumps operate with constant pressure and use highly c ompress gas. The solvents used must be of high purity, preferably HPLC grade and filtered through 0.45m filter.Check valvesThese are present to control the flow rate of solvent and back pressure.Pulse dampnersThese are used to dampen the pulses observed from the crinkly baseline caused by the pumps.2. Mixing unit, gradient controller and solvent degassingMixing unit is used to mix solvents in different proportions and pass through the column. There are two types of mixing units. They are low pressure mixing chamber, which uses helium for degassing solvents. High pressure mixing chamber does not require helium for degassing solvents. Mixing of solvents is done either with a motionless mixer, which is packed with beads, or dynamic mixer, which uses magnetic stirrer and operates under high pressure.Gradient controllerIn an isocratic separation, mobile phase is prepared by using pure solvent or mixture of solvents, i.e. solvent of same eluting power or polarity is used. But in gradien t elution technique, the polarity of the solvent is gradually increased and hence the solvent composition has to be changed. Hence a gradient controller is used when two or more solvent pumps are used for such separations.Solvent degassingseveral(prenominal) gases are soluble in organic solvents. When solvents are pumped under high pressure, gas bubbles are formed which lead interfere with the separation process, steady baseline and the shape of the peak. Hence degassing of the solvent is important. This can be done by using any one of the followers technique. make clean filtration which can remove all air bubbles. But it is not forever and a day reliable and complete.Helium purging i.e. by passing helium through the solvent. This is very effective but helium is high-priced.Ultrasonication by using radicalsonicator, which converts ultra high frequency to mechanical vibrations. This causes the removal of air bubbles.3. Injector Manual or auto injectorsSeveral devices are avai lable either for manual or auto injection of the sample. Different devices areSeptum injectors for injecting the sample through a rubber septum. This is not common, since the septum has to withstand high pressure.Stop flow (on line) in which the flow of mobile phase is stopped for a while and the sample is injected through a valve device.Rheodyne injector (Loop valve type) It is the most popular injector. This has a fixed slew loop like 20ml or 50ml or more. Injector has two modes, i.e. load position when the sample is loaded in the loop and inject mode, when the sample is injected.4. Guard columnGuard column has very small quantity of adsorbent and improves the life of the analytical column. It also acts as a prefilter to remove particulate matter, if any, and other material. Guard column has the same material as that of analytical column. Guard column does not contribute to any separation.5. Analytical columnsAnalytical column is the most important part of HPLC technique, wh ich decides the efficiency of separation. There are several stationary phases available depending upon the technique or mode of separation used.Column material The columns are made up of stainless steel, glass, polythene and peek (Poly ether ether ketone). Most widely used are stainless steel, which can withstand high pressure. Latest ones are PEEK columns.Column length Varies from 5cm to 30cmColumn diameter Ranges from 2mm to 50mm fraction size From 1m to 20mParticle nature Spherical, uniform sized, porous materials are used.Surface area 1 gram of stationary phase provides surface area ranging from 100 860 sq.m with an average of 400 sq.m.Functional group the functional group present in stationary phase depends on the type of chromatographic separation. In normal phase mode it contains the silanol groups (hydroxy group). In reverse phase mode it contains the pursuit groupsC18 Octa Decyl Silane (ODS) columnC8 Octyl columnC4 Butyl columnCN Nitrile columnNH2 Amino columnFor ot her modes of chromatography, ion exchange columns, gel columns, chiral columns, affinity chromatographic columns, etc. are available.6. Detectors 7,9,10Detectors used depend upon the property of the compounds to be separated. Different demodulators available areUV detector This detector is based upon the light absorption characteristics of the sample. 2 types of this detector are available. One is the fixed wavelength detector, which operates at 254nm where most drug compounds absorb. The other is the variable wavelength detector, which can be operated from one hundred ninetynm to 600nm.Refractive index detector This is a non-specific or universal detector. This is not much used for analytical applications because of low sensitivity and specificity.Flourimetric detector This detector is based on the light radiation emitted by almost class of compounds. The exitation wavelength and emission wavelength can be selected for each compound. This detector has more specificity and sens itivity. The disadvantage is that some compounds are not fluorescent.Conductivity detector Based upon electrical conductivity, the response is learn. This detector is used when the sample has conducting ions like anions and cations.Amperometric detector This detector is based on the decline or oxidation of the compounds when a potential is applied. The airing current recorded is proportional to the immersion of the compound eluted. This is applicable when compounds have functional groups, which can be either oxidised or reduced. This is a highly nociceptive detector.Photodiode array detector (PDA detector) This is a recent one, which is similar to UV detector, which operates from 190 600nm. Radiations of all wavelengths fall on the detector simultaneously. The resulting spectrum is a 3-D or three-dimensional plot of Response Vs Time Vs Wavelength. The advantage is that the wavelength need not be selected, but the detector detects the responses of all the compounds.7. Recorders and integratorsRecorders They are used to record the responses obtained from detectors after amplification, if necessary. They record the baseline and all the peaks obtained, with respect to time. property time for all the peaks can be found out from such recordings, but the area of individual peaks cannot be known.Integrators Integrators are improved version of recorders with some data impact capabilities. They can record the individual peaks with retention time, height, and width of peaks, peak area, percentage of area, etc. Integrators provide more information on peaks than recorders. Now a days computers and printers are used for recording and processing the obtained data and for controlling several operations.2.5 Parameters used in HPLC 7, 9, 10Retention time (Rt)Retention time is the difference in the time between the point of injection and appearance of peak maxima. Retention time is the time indispensable for 50% of a component to be eluted from a column. Retention time i s measured in minutes or seconds. Retention time is also proportional to the distance moved on a chart paper, which can be measured in cm or mm.Retention volume (Vr)Retention volume is the volume of mobile phase required to elute 50% of the component from the column. It is the product of retention time and flow rate.Retention volume = Retention time x flow rateSeparation broker (S)Separation factor is the ratio of partition co-efficient of the two components to be separated. It can be expressed and determined by using the following equationS = Kb/ Ka = Ka/ Kb = (tb t0)/ (ta t0)Where,t0 = Retention time of unretained vegetable marrowKb, Ka= Partition coefficients of b and atb, ta = Retention time of substance b and aS = depends on liquid phase, column temperatureIf at that place is more difference in partition coefficient between two compounds, the peaks are far apart and the separation factor is more. If the partition coefficients of two compounds are similar, then the peaks ar e closer and the separation factor is less. stoppageResolution is a measure of the extent of separation of two components and the baseline separation achieved. It can be determined by using the following regulationRs = 2 (Rt1 Rt2)/ (W1 +W2)Theoretical plate (Plate theory)A notional plate is an speculative or hypothetical unit of a column where distribution of solute between stationary phase and mobile phase has attained equilibrium. A theoretical plate can also be called as a functional unit of the column.HETP Height Equivalent to a Theoritical Plate 18, 7A theoretical plate can be of any height, which decides the efficiency of separation. If HETP is less, the column is more efficient. If HETP is more, the column is less efficient. HETP can be metrical by using the following formulaHETP = length of the column/ number of theoretical platesHETP is accustomed by Van Deemter equationHETP = A + (B/u ) + CuWhere,A = Eddy dispersion term or multiple path diffusion which arises due to packing of thecolumn. This is unaffected by mobile phase hurrying or flow rate. This can beminimised by uniformity in packing.B = Longitudinal diffusion term or molecular diffusion which depends on flow rate.C = Effect of mass transfer which depends on flow rate.u = Flow rate or velocity of the mobile phase.A column is efficient only when HETP is minimum. Hence an ideal flow rate corresponding to the minimum value of HETP is used.Efficiency (No. of theoretical plates)The number of theoretical plates expresses efficiency of a column. It can be determined by using the formulan = 16 Rt/wWhere,n = no. of theoretical platesRt = retention timew = peak width at baseRt and w are measured in common units (mm or cm or minutes or seconds) and are proportional to the distances marked on chart paper.If the number of theoretical plates is high, the column is said to be highly efficient. If the number of theoretical plates is low, the column is said to be less efficient. For gas chromatograp hic columns, a value of 600/ metre is sufficient. But in HPLC, high values like 40,000 to 70,000/ metre are recommended.Asymmetry factorA chromatographic peak should be symmetrical about its centre and said to follow Gaussian distribution. In such cases, the peak will be like an isosceles triangle. But in practice, due to some factors, the peak is not symmetrical and shows tailing or fronting.Fronting is due to fecundation of stationary phase and can be avoided by using less quantity of sample.Tailing is due to more active adsorption sites and can be eliminated by support pre-treatment, more polar mobile phased increasing the amount of liquid phase.Asymmetry factor (0.95 to 1.05) can be calculated by using the formulaAF = b/a (b and a calculated at 5% or 10% of the peak height)2.6 Applications of HPLCHPLC is being more widely used in several fields. Apart from its use in Pharmaceutical field, it is used in Chemical and Petrochemical industry, Environmental applications, Forensic ap plications, biochemical separations, Biotechnology, Food analysis, etc. In fact on that point is no field where HPLC is not being used. It is a versatile and sensitive technique, which can be used in several ways. Some of them are listed below soft analysis It is nothing but identification of compound. This is done by comparing the retention time of the sample as well as the standard. at a lower place identical conditions, the retention time of the standard and the sample are same. If there is a deviation, then they are not the same compound.Checking the purity of the compound By comparing the chromatogram of the standard and that of the sample, the purity of the compound can be inferred. If additional peaks are obtained, impurities are present and hence the compound is not pure. From the percentage area of the peaks obtained, the percentage purity can also be known.Presence of impurities This can be seen by the presence of additional peaks when compared with a reference standard or reference material. The percentage of impurities may also be calculated from peak areas.Quantitative analysis The quantity of a component can be determined by several methods likea. Direct comparison methodBy injecting a sample and standard separately and comparing their peak areas, the quantity of the sample can be determined.Area of the peak = peak height x width of peak at the half heightA1/ A2 = a (W1/ W2)Where,A1 and A2 are peak area of sample and standardW1 and W2 are weight or tightness of sample and standarda is the response factorb. Calibration curve methodIn calibration curve method, series of standards are used to determine their peak areas. A calibration curve of peak area Vs stringency of the drug is plotted. From the peak area of the unknown sample, by intrapolation, the concentration of the sample can be determined. This method has the advantage that errors, if any, are minimised.Internal standard methodIn this method, a compound with similar retention characteris tics is used. A known concentration of the internal standard is added to the sample solution whose concentration is not known. The chromatogram is recorded and their peak areas are determined. By using formula, the concentration of unknown solution is determined.Multicomponent analysis or Determination of mixture of drugs alike to the quantification of a single drug, multicomponent analysis can be done easily. The quantity of each component is determined by using any one of the above methods. Marketed formulations, which contain several drugs, can be determined quantitatively for each component.Isolation and identification of drugs or metabolites in urine, plasma, serum, etc. can be carried out.Isolation and identification of mixture of components of natural or celluloid melodic line.Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic studies.Stability studies.Purification of some compounds of natural or synthetic origin on preparative scale.2.7 Limitations 7, 10The limitations of HPLC are tha t drugs have to be extracted from their formulations prior to analysis and large amounts of organic solvent waste are generated which are expensive to dispose off.CHAPTER 3Experimental Selection3.1 Aim of ProjectThe aim of this project was to carry out the quantitative determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient aloin and aloe-emodin in the given Aloe Vera Colax tablets, manufactured by Aloe Pura laboratories and to compare the results with the given standard aloin and aloe-emodin. The technique used for analysis was reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography method. The analysis was performed using standard calibration curve generated at 220 and 296nm wavelength.3.2 Chromatographic equipment and conditionsAll the chromatographic equipments and conditions, which were used to perform HPLC in a laboratory environment under simulated GLP compliance conditions, are listed below.3.2.1 HPLC system 5 (used for isocratic elution)This system is manufactured by Agilent tec hnologies 1200 series, whose model number is G1310A and the serial number is DE 629565453.2.2 Software usedThe software used was Microsoft windows XP, Pentium D whose product number is G 2175 BA, revision code is B. 03. 01 and its registration number is CL1CE8DB0F3.2.3 Column usedThe column used was Kromasil 5C18 whose test number is 9203- 103443.2.4 pipette usedThe pipette used was Volac ultra (made in U.K.), S. No. 29186, sticker R680/ F, 0-1000 mL and Volac ultra (made in U.K.), S.No. 29185, Model R680/ F, 500-5000 mL.3.2.5 Analytical BalanceMettler counterbalance AC 88 was used to weigh the sample drug whose Biom

School Counsellors for Gifted and Talented Students

direct Counsellors for Gifted and Talented StudentsThis paper critic bothy re forecasts previous studies that w be explored the determination of sh every last(predicate)ow advocators for ingenious and skilful directchilds. School counsellors in Saudi Arabia receive little vocalisationicularized procreation in the inescapably of quick-witted students, and it is really r atomic number 18 for counsellor training programmes to require counsellors to take courses on keen students as part of the degree requirements. Therefore, this article considers theories of focus, and the position of naturalise counsellors, and ingenious student programmes in the USA, the UK and KSA. This review considers the counsellors quality in diverse contexts and discusses it in the Saudi context. In doing so, the psychological, cultivational and schoolmaster skills of counsellors need to be understand in order to oppose the ask of intelligent and natural endowmented students so t hat they can live up to their ambitions and aspirations.Background of the studyThe role of the instruct counsellor is complicated and one of the most demanding cautioners when comp ard with otherwise cultureal professions. It involves interaction with students from dissimilar cultural, economic and kindly acanthagrounds.The primary responsibility of the school counsellor is to word the skills that go forth enable them to meet the challenges of this technological era. In the era of globalization, this objective is to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) important than ever, where we fox to search for and break in the skills of quick students. In 1981, the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia established the frequent Directorate of counsellor and focusing for Gifted Students. Since that time, counseling and instruction has experience formalized and admitd as a profession, and counsellors ca-ca been ordinanced to broadcast with psychological, affable, e ducational and vocational problems and to deliver protective focal point (Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, 1999). For this background the current paper lead highlight the diachronic background of school oversight and counsellors of the skilful and givinged in the USA, UK and KSA.In the 1955 Yearbook of Education, reference is do to focussing as a wait on of helping respective(prenominal)s finished their ingest efforts to discover and raise their potentialities both for ain happiness and social reusableness (Hall Lauwerys, 1955, cited in Milner, 1974). A more juvenile definition is that direction is to help an respective(prenominal) to make his own decisions and choices in the light of his feelings and needs (Milner, 1974).Jones (1970) suggested that advocate Is an enabling accomplish, designed to help an individual come to terms with his emotional state as it is and ultimately to grow to greater maturity through learning to take responsibility and to ma ke decisions for himself. The American School Counsellor tie beam (ASCA, 1999) defines counsel as an interactive mathematical exhibit as follows it is a confidential relationship in which the counsellor meets with students one by one and in small separates to help them resolve or cope constructively with their problems and surfacegrowthal c formerlyrns. In Coreys (2002) words, the central function of direction is to help customers recognize their own strengths, discover what is preventing them from using their strengths, and clarify what kind of person they indigence to be. Counselling is a plow by which clients are invited to watch over frankly at their deportment and lifestyle and make certain decisions ab come forth how they call for to modify the quality of their life.McLaughlin (1993) mentions that effective school counselor has three elements an educative function whereby attention is cogitate on the social bugger offment of the student within the school con text a reflective function which explores the viable impact of the school practices and societal conditions on the grimace-to-face and mental health of the student, and a welfare function which is concerned with planning for and reacting to telephone numbers that affect the students welfare.Saudi Arabia has conducted enquiry to ascertain out the best approach to gifted education, just now of course for females who are severely restricted in the subjects they are allowed to study, these moves are somewhat pedantic. An interesting survey of com endueer use in Arabic countries was made by a Jordanian, Subhi (1997). He recommended that gifted pupils records should be computerised for easier supervise of their progress, and he has designed a programme to help this. The problem, he ensnare though, is that although at that place are computers in Jordanian schools, there are very hardly a(prenominal) of them and the t separatelyers do not principally know how to use them.It loo ks as though most, if not all, Arab countries are leading to recognise and help the gifted, and several(prenominal) sustain made forays into out-of-school activities, precisely the overall outcome is still difficult to define.Some authors ( such as Sternberg et al., 1986, Ziegler and Heller, 2000) believe that a consensus is yet to be reached on what is meant by the term (gifted), and yet multiple efforts defy been made to establish criteria for this, which include components such as motivation, creativity, toil commitment, and problem solving. However, personal talent is described by Renzulli (1999a, p.4) as exceptional ability to submit and get to difficult goals that fit ones interests, abilities and social contexts. In his view, personal talent is a capability developed in the field of self-management that is concentrated by the individual in the direction of selected outcomes that contain sound- being, happiness, personal relationships, hobbies as wholesome as econom ic aider achievements. He proposes that personal talent can be referred to as a cultivate where those in the centre of this continuum can be explained as personally competent, while those at the high end of the range can be categorized as personally talented.On the other hand, Masten et al. (2002) grapple that resilient individuals learn how to overcome obstacles in order to achieve their anticipated goals, and that this can be described as personal talent. Also, prostrate et al. (1994) refer to particularized characteristics of resilience as an indicator of exceptional abilities and talent regarding children from poor backgrounds. In this regard, Marker et al. (1996) propose that numerous of the principles of distinguishing curriculum for gifted and talented learners support the development of personal talent. They refer to learning environments that hold dear independence, flexibility and high mobility as being potentially more burnished for fostering personal talents than t he more traditional teacher-centred classrooms that concentrate on lectures with donnish content. However, some searchers regret the circumstance that query on giftedness has been somewhat twineed, having in the main concentrated on IQ- cogitate abilities that add upress academic skills, and by-passing or simply ignoring other basic skills such as vocational skills (Bals, 1999), practical intelligence in everyday life (Sternberg, 2000), and, most importantly, social skills (Persson, 1997). Motivation is another issue that has been the focus of research with regard to gifted children. fit in to Sternberg (2000), some theories reap motivation as an assisting internal factor in the expansion of giftedness. star of these theories is Gages dynamic theory of giftedness which depicts motivation, volition and self-management as interpersonal catalysts that help permute gifts into talents. However, these theories have failed to provide guidance in assisting youths of high ability t o develop motivation. For this reason, some tecs (for example, Colangelo et al. 2000 Alrasheed, 2001) believe that talented students should be identified and leadn tasks at a higher level than the normal school curriculum. Renzulli (1999b) is of the opinion that gifted students should be producers of knowledge rather than mere consumers of active information. He believes that specific programmes and operate for the talented and gifted are the completely solution to allow them to live up to their potential. This idea is further supported by Reis et al (1995) who argues that it is not fair to make a gifted child set in a classroom where learning something new leave not happen until the second half of the stratum. agree to Alhossaini (2000), the intensity of the educational process could be seen in table (1)The above figure of methods of interactions could be interpret in this table.If these roles are all positive, we get the creative outcome. And it is mines, mines, mines, it is less creative.Pattison (2006) suggests that, steering is an activity that takes place behind closed doors in privacy, the nature of client confidentiality requires this. However, this can make counselling practices and processes mysterious and misunderstood. In placing this research in the public arena, it is hoped that counselling practices and processes have been made a little more transparent and that the case for including young people with learning disabilities in counselling has been strengthened. Bor et al. (2002) state that school counselling is an interaction in a therapeutic setting, focusing primarily on a conversation about relationships, beliefs and behaviour (including feelings), through which the childs perceived problem is elucidated and framed or reframed in a fitting and useful management, and in which new solutions are generated and the problem takes on a new meaning .Research ProblemThere have been few programmes for gifted students offered in the Kingdom o f Saudi Arabia. Even though there has been programmes active, it is new and is for further evaluation to be able to develop it more for the students. It has been believed that if there has been more developed programmes for gifted children then they go forth be more enhanced and so, benefiting the country.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have put up programmes for gifted students but is new and rare. There has been studies regarding the support of the politics in the schools on how to support gifted students.1.5 The research questionsBased on the aims articulated in the previous section, the following specific research questions have been formulatedHow does the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia support gifted students?Does the administration in the schools help in the development of the programmes?How do we determine the effectiveness of the programmeswith the school counsellor, principal, and teachers help?1.6 Sub-questionsTwo sub-questions will excessively be exploredDo the te acher, student counsellor and principal who work with gifted students have peculiar(a) qualifications?What is the level and nature of the response of gifted students to these programmes?Historical review of school counselling in USASchmidt (1999) suggests that the development of school guidance and counselling in the united States has its roots in the vocational guidance movement, which started in 1898 when a Detroit school principal, Jesse Davis, introduced a guidance curriculum that was delivered in each English class in his school to help students develop character, forfend problem behaviour, and relate vocational interests to the solution of their vocational and social problems. Gysbers (2001) argues that in the 1920s and 1930s, the concept of guidance evolved from vocational to educational guidance. Educational guidance was viewed as a set of activities that would address not only occupational concerns but overly the personal and educational aspects of individuals.However, although school counselling remained foc utilise on secondary schools, counsellors were beginning to appear in some dewy-eyed schools in Boston in the 1930s. Yet, it was not until the 1960s that the need was generally recognized and funds were provided for the training of counsellors in elementary schools (Schmidt, 1999). However, Baker (2001) suggests that disdain the progressive movement of the 1960s, school counselling did not fare well in the 1970s. During the 1970s and into the mid-eighties, a number of school counselling positions were eliminated and less jobs were available for newly trained school counsellors due to school cypher cuts and financial problems across the US. At the same time, concern was being expressed about the programmes of guidance and counselling and the proceedss offered by counsellors in school (Baker, 1996 Schmidt, 1999). On the other hand, Herr (2001) says that attempts to define the role and functions of the schools comprehensive developmental models were part suited to meeting the development needs of students. In 1997, the American School Counsellor Association (ASCA) (1999) adopted the National Standards for School Counselling Programmes. According to these standards, school counsellors are required to address the needs ofstudents comprehensively through the implementation of a developmental school-counselling programme.Historical review of school counselling in the UKSchool counselling in the United Kingdom dates back to 1913 when London County Council appointed a psychologist to examine backward children and advise their parents and teachers on methods of treatment (Milner, 1974). However, it was not until the 1960s that school counselling began to emerge as a discipline in its own right (Bor et al., 2002). At the time, the American school counselling model which was based on the client-centred approach proposed by Rogers (1961) was influential. Rogers produced a report in which he recommended that counsellors shoul d be appointed to look into the needs of low achieving children. As a result, counselling courses were set up for experienced teachers, and several hundred counsellors were employed by local education authorities throughout the country (Bor et al., 2002). However, according to the Department of Education and scientific discipline (1989, cited in Bets et al. 1995) pastoral headache is concerned with promoting pupils personal and social development and fostering positive attitudes. Confronted with pervasive and traumatic social problems such as the collapse of the extended family and increases in rates of violence, the need for school counselling attracted the attention of local education authorities. However, in the light of limited budgets, the 1980s witnessed a shift of emphasis on counselling, and it was felt that counselling should be integrated into teaching practice, so that teachers themselves should take responsibility for pastoral care (Bor et al., 2002 Mclaughin, 1999).Jo nes (1970) says that, in the absence of government backing, enthusiasm for counselling courses began to fade, and the majority of schools were left over(p) without counsellors. To exacerbate the situation even further, cuts in education funding at thehands of the Conservative government in the 1980s resulted in a decrement in the number of existing counsellors (McLaughlin, 1999). According to one estimate, only lambert counsellors were left in schools in England and Wales following the introduction of the local management of schools in 1987 (Robinson, 1996). Bor et al. (2002) argue that since the 1980s and despite heavy workloads, growing social problems and immense psychological pressure, teachers in the United Kingdom still play along to play a major role in counselling their students. To add to their problems, they have recently fallen under pressure to take all of the criteria of an over-demanding National Curriculum. As a result, teachers now find it difficult to fulfil a pastoral role, and schools are beginning to feel the need to employ counsellors to meet the educational, psychological and horny needs of students. To provide teachers with the necessary counselling skills, a sizeable number of studies in the field of pastoral care began to appear (e.g. Raymond, 1985 Watkins, 1994 Hamblin, 1984 Marland, 1989). In general, these studies foc employ on good student-teacher relationships (Mclaughlin, 1999), emphasized the greatness of assisting children to improve their lives, and used study skills to guide them in making their own decisions (Raymond, 1985). Nonetheless, although the literature on counselling and pastoral care in the United Kingdom is vast, it is still not integrated and provides only a few guidelines on practice (Al-Rebdi, 2000). On the other hand, some still argue that teachers have to manage complicated and demanding situations, channelling the personal, emotional and social pressures of 30 or so youngsters (Black et al., 1998).The debate is still raging between those who argue that counselling should be provided by specialists and those who suggest that teachers should bear the burden. Inthis context it is worth leaning the duties and responsibilities of the school counsellor as outlined by the British Association for Counselling (1997). These are To offer pupils, parents and staff individual or group counselling. To provide information on the counselling service, the role of the counsellor and boundaries of confidentiality. To support with head teachers, governors, parents and, where appropriate, the local education authority, in setting up a suitable appointment ashes. To keep suitable case records of counselling conducted in a secure place. To report back to management on a regular basis on the numbers that use the service and to give a general overview of the types of problem encountered. To liaise with the pastoral management team, year tutors, class teachers, governors, parents and caring agencies. To network with personnel from other agencies with a view to easing referrals and accessing specialist consultants. To devise and, where appropriate, deliver a programme of training to support and develop the counselling service. To attend supervision with a befittingly qualified supervisor.Historical review of school counselling in the KSAInitially, in 1981, the Ministry of Education established the General Directorate of Guidance and Counselling. Since that time, guidance and counselling has move formalized and recognized as a profession, and counsellors have been appointed to deal with psychological, social, educational, and vocational problems and deliver protective counselling (Ministry of Education KSA, 1999). It should be mentioned here that the model for and practice of guidance and counselling in SaudiArabian schools was derived from western sources, mainly the United States. More than two decades have passed since the guidance and counselling programme was established i n Saudi schools. Its development has progressed at a slow rate and, currently, it faces various problems. The major difficulty relates to the definition of the role and function of the school counsellor (Al-Gamdi, 1999) which is unclear to principals, teachers, parents, students and school counsellors themselves. Due to this problem, counsellors have found themselves overly multiform in paperwork and administrative tasks and duties not related to school counselling. Additionally, counsellors often complain about lack of support and cooperation from others involved in the counselling service, especially parents (Al-rebdi, 2000). In this situation, if school counsellors in Saudi Arabia are to provide better services for students, their role must be all the way delimitate. It is also necessary for those involved in counselling to have a clear view of what counsellors should and should not do. Added to this, counsellors must choose carefully how they spend their time and energy. As the role and functions of the school counsellors become clearer, they should be able to respond better to the needs of their students. Furthermore, in 1981, following decree number 216/k issued by the Ministry of Education, the Social Educational Administration was replaced by the Student Guidance and Counselling Service, and guidance and counselling in Saudi schools became formalised. That same year, the name was changed again to the General Administration for Guidance and Counselling (Ministry of Education, 1999).The responsibilities of this administration are as follows1- To plan, prepare and develop the programme and services of guidance and counselling.2- To provide professional staff who are capable of delivering such services to all students at various stages of education.3- To provide students with the appropriate care applicable to their ages and their psychological, educational and social needs.4- To assist students to develop their capabilities, potentialities and talents , to allow them to face their problems and to help them feel comfortable with themselves and with the community in which they live.5- To attain a high standard of mental health in a way that reflects the targets and goals sought by educational guidance in general (Ministry of Education, 1999).Saleh (1987) pointed out that, due to the neighboring(a) need for professionals to monitor and guide the counselling service in schools, the Ministry of Education sought personnel from among the existing social education supervisors to act as the supervisors counselling and guidance programmes in addition to carrying out their normal duties. The Ministry of Education also sought personnel from within the existing teaching force, provided they had the relevant experience, to work temporarily as counsellors in schools. To meet the need for school counsellors in all schools, the General Administration for Guidance and Counselling allowed those with a Bachelors degree in psychology, social work or sociology to perform the role of the school counsellor until enough trained professional counsellors could be provided. In order to meet the need for trained full-time counsellors to work in schools, universities in Saudi Arabia were requested to offer guidance and counselling programmes at masters level. Statistical information for the year 2000 shows that there were 229 counselling supervisors and 3381 school counsellors overall (Ministry of Education, 2000). By 2003, the number of counsellors had increased quickly toabout 4000(Al-Rebdi, 2004). The Ministry of Education (1999) defined the term counselling as the interactive process though which the counsellor assists the student to understand himself and recognise his capabilities and potentialities and gives him a more enlightened approach to his problems and how to face them. Counsellors also help students to enhance their liable behaviour and to show conformity with their community.Counselling gifted studentsLandau (1990) no ted that gifted students skill become isolated and alienated. Moreover, Rogers (1983) pointed out that in an egalitarian system children not only lack the opportunity for confirmation and social acceptance, but they also often lack the freedom to learn. The need for confirmation and emotional support is well known in the literature which focuses on giftedness and talent (Csikszentmilalyi et al., 1993 Kelley, 1999 Stednitz, 1995). Donna (1999) suggests that teachers and counsellors need to encourage minority students to consider a teaching occupational group in general and gifted student education in contingent. cut across (1995) however, believes that from an historical point of view, the counselling of gifted students has not been an important part of educational and counselling discourse. He points out that misconceptions and stereotypes of gifted students as being immune to social, emotional, and academic problems have contributed to the lack of counselling for these students, and in cases where counselling is available it is only limited to academic, assessment and placement issues.According to Ford, the fact that more children are entering school with serious personal and academic problems should entail an expansion in the responsibilities and roles of counsellors to meet the needs of all children who look for guidance andassistance. But nonetheless according to Alrasheed, (2001) the limited availability of counselling services has failed to meet the enormous need for counselling services and research regarding gifted individuals. In this respect he endeavoured to provide counsellors, classroom teachers and educationalists as well as parents with advice regarding the catch of the academic and social needs of gifted and talented students. Persson (2005) considers mentorship as a possible solution to aid the immediate psychological and intellectual needs of gifted individuals, particularly received mentorship. According to Person, mentorship could be d irect or indirect by cooperating with the student to find a mentor of his choice, given the fact that not all gifted students would be likely to choose their counsellors to be their mentors. Person expresses the conviction that mentorship is the only viable counselling solution in an egalitarian context, which lacks recognition and particular provision for gifted individuals. Ford (1995) outlines the goal of counselling as that of promoting water-loving self-concepts and ensuring psychological growth. Bearing that in mind, counsellors must have an awareness and understanding of the many issues that immobilize gifted students and affect their psychological, social and emotional well-being. He recognises the role of counsellors in ensuring that such students remain in gifted programmes once identified and placed.Finally the concept of counselling needs to be defined within a context where it is not a task charge merely to a particular group. Instead, as Brown et al. (1992) suggest the task has expanded from an initial concern with educational and vocational guidance to the remedy and prevention of personal, interpersonal, vocational and educational concerns. Consequently, according to Persson (2005), the aim of the intervention is for the individual to gain an understanding of self and context, in which case individual differences become a sensitive and even problematic issue, particularly in cases where gifted individuals are involved.Research DesignThe design of the study is intended to determine first, the relationship of the roles of student counsellor, teachers, and principals to the performance of the gifted students second, the effectiveness of the programmes in development the capacity of the gifted students.Instrumentation and Data CollectionThe researchers visited the Insert name of University depository library or City Library for journals, articles and studies needed for the research paper. The researchers gathered time-series data from differen t physical training institutions to assure of its validity and consistency.The primary data will be gathered using quantitative method, as this is best useful with questionnaires. The use of quantitative method will be appropriate for the research because the results in the questionnaires consist of numerical information, mostly based from the ratings included in the questions. Quantitative methods are used to provide reference to numeric calculations and are often used with questionnaires that have a specific goal and a target to achieve. This is helpful in the research, and its instigation in the process needs to be further culminated so that the problem is solved with efficiency and precision.In gathering data, the researcher would like to clear certain ethical issues that might hinder the processing of data. First, confidentiality will be kept at all costs. As the main reason why questionnaires will be used in the research is for the answerings to feel secure and to be advised that their answers will not be related to who they are. There may be instances wherein the respondent will divulge information that will be detrimental to the company, or to its competitors, depending on the case. Hence, there is a better chance at more responsive respondents if they can be assured of their confidentiality.Second, the Data Protection wreak will be followed at all costs. The compliance with the act will be transparently said to the respondents so that they are further assured that anything they say in response to the questions asked them will only be used for the benefit of the research and not in any other practices. It should also be clear to the researcher that any information regarding the respondents cannot be released to anyone who is not immediately connected with the research unless permission from the subject respondent has been secured beforehand.Third, the research must always bear in mind the objectives of the study and neer stray away from them. A res earcher who has no definite designing in doing the research is going nowhere and is exerting effort in a research that is not delimited properly and punctually. The purpose of the research is explicitly stated at the beginning of the research and is implied in every standard of the realization of the research so as to not delineate the researcher from his goals.Lastly, the researcher must opt to practice objectivity. As the researcher, he is expect to keep an open-minded approach to the topic, keeping from his mind and personal bias in the subject matter or on the people involved. The reason for doing research is to test existing information, validate, prove or disprove existing ideas, or to test the limits of a certain prospect. Given this simple definition, it is clearly seen that in no form is the personal opinions of the researcher expected to hinder in the subject. Any act that might be biased or subjective will hint of the researchs failure to achieve its goals.Planned mode of AnalysisThe researchers plan to analyze the different test conducted through perpetual evaluation of the gifted students and how they perform. There will be a hebdomadary evaluation in terms of how the programmes and the role of the authorities, and the effect of it to their performance. The performance in the field will be evaluated by the gifted students progress and development. conviction ScheduleLiterature ReviewHistory of programmes for gifted students in KSA noticeQuestionnairesEvaluation of performanceAnalysis of performance of the studentsFindings and RecommendationConclusionsConclusionThe role of school counsellors for gifted and talented students has been discussed widely in the literature. However, school counsellors urgently need to be provided with the appropriate skills in the areas of education and psychology so that they are capable of providing guidance to talented students and thereby respond to their needs in a way that will boost the educational process in the school. Counselling gifted students and their relatives is one of the mainly challenging and live up to functions for a counsellor. Gifted students have wonderful variability, not only in their cognitive capability, but in their affective progress. While there are obviously frequent themes in the social-emotional issues tackling gifted students, there are also reflective individual differences amongst them. The talented student faces numerous problems that make life hard for him at school.However, anxiety and tension may affect his social life as well as forcing him to live in isolation. Moreover, decisions in relation to gifted learners should be part and parcel of a wider programme. This implies the denomination of the task as being one which helps children conform with their culture, or empowers children to happen in their society, or challenges social, political and economic inequalities. Schoolcounsellors receive little specific training on the affective needs of gifted students and it is rare for counsellor training programmes to require counsellors to take a course on gifted students as a degree requirement. The role of the school counsellor is to develop the skills of the pupils in general, giving special attention to those who are talented and ripe by discovering their areas of interest, and by responding to their needs in a way that will achie